Umhlahlandlela Wokugcina Wezintambo Ze-Fiber Optic: Okuyisisekelo, Amasu, Imikhuba Namathiphu

Izintambo ze-Fiber optic zihlinzeka ngengqalasizinda ebonakalayo evumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okunesivinini esikhulu kwezokuxhumana, inethiwekhi, nokuxhumana kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza. Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-fiber ikhulise amandla omkhawulokudonsa kanye nebanga ngenkathi kunciphisa usayizi nezindleko, okuvumela ukuqaliswa okubanzi kusuka kumakhalekhukhwini omude kuya ezikhungweni zedatha kanye namanethiwekhi amadolobha ahlakaniphile.

 

Lesi sisetshenziswa esijulile sichaza izintambo ze-fiber optic kusuka ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Sizohlola ukuthi i-optical fiber isebenza kanjani ukudlulisa amasignali edatha kusetshenziswa ukukhanya, ukucaciswa okubalulekile kwe-singlemode ne-multimode fibers, nezinhlobo zekhebula ezidumile ezisekelwe ekubalweni kwefayibha, ububanzi, nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe. Njengoba isidingo somkhawulokudonsa sikhula kakhulu, ukukhetha ikhebula le-fiber optic elifanele ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zenethiwekhi zebanga, isilinganiso sedatha, nokuqina kuyisihluthulelo sokuxhuma okunobufakazi besikhathi esizayo.

 

Ukuze siqonde izintambo ze-fiber optic, kumelwe siqale ngemicu ye-fiber optical—imicu emincane yengilazi noma yepulasitiki eqondisa amasignali okukhanya phakathi nenqubo yokubonakala okuphelele kwangaphakathi. Umongo, ukuvala, kanye nokunameka okuhlanganisa umucu wefiber ngamunye kunquma umkhawulokudonsa wemodal nokusebenza kwawo. Izintambo eziningi zefiber zihlanganiswa zibe yishubhu exegayo, evalwe ngokuqinile, noma izintambo zokusabalalisa ukuze kuxhunywe izixhumanisi zefayibha phakathi kwamaphoyinti. Izingxenye zokuxhuma njengezixhumi, amaphaneli, nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zinikeza ukuxhumana nezinto zokusebenza kanye nezindlela zokumisa kabusha amanethiwekhi efayibha njengoba kudingeka.  

 

Ukufakwa kahle nokunqanyulwa kwentambo ye-fiber optic kudinga ukunemba kanye nekhono ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kanye nokuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwesignali okuphelele. Sizofaka izinqubo ezivamile zokunqanyulwa kwe-singlemode ne-multimode fibers sisebenzisa izinhlobo zezixhumi ezidumile njenge-LC, SC, ST, ne-MPO. Ngokuqwashisa ngemikhuba ehamba phambili, ongoti abasha bangaklama ngokuzethemba futhi basebenzise amanethiwekhi efayibha ukuze asebenze kahle futhi alinganiseke.

 

Ukuphetha, sidingida izinto ezicatshangelwayo zokuhlela amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic nezindlela ezingashintsha ukuze zisekele izidingo zomkhawulokudonsa zesikhathi esizayo. Isiqondiso esivela kochwepheshe bemboni sinikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nezitayela zamanje nezikhulayo ezinomthelela ekukhuleni kwe-fiber ku-telecom, isikhungo sedatha kanye nengqalasizinda yedolobha elihlakaniphile.    

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)

Q1: Iyini ikhebula le-fiber optic?

 

I-A1: Izintambo ze-Fiber optic zakhiwe nge-fiber optic fiber eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, okuyimicu emincane yengilazi noma yepulasitiki engadlulisela idatha kusetshenziswa amasignali alula. Lezi zintambo zisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okusheshayo nokude, okuhlinzeka ngezilinganiso zokudlulisa idatha ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa nezintambo zethusi zendabuko.

 

Q2: Zisebenza kanjani izintambo ze-fiber optic?

 

I-A2: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zidlulisa idatha zisebenzisa ama-pulses okukhanya ngemicu emincane yengilazi ekhanyayo noma imicu yepulasitiki. Le micu ithwala amasignali okukhanya ebangeni elide ngokulahleka kwesignali okuncane, ihlinzeka ngokuxhumana okushesha kakhulu nokuthembekile.

 

Q3: Afakwa kanjani amakhebuli e-fiber optic?

 

I-A3: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zingafakwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengokudonsa noma ukusunduza izintambo emiseleni noma emiseleni, ukufakwa emoyeni kusetshenziswa izigxobo noma imibhoshongo, noma ukungcwaba ngokuqondile emhlabathini. Indlela yokufaka incike ezintweni ezifana nendawo, ibanga, nezimfuneko ezithile zephrojekthi. Ukufakwa kwekhebula le-fiber optic kudinga amakhono akhethekile nemishini, kodwa akunzima ngempela. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele nolwazi lwamasu okufaka, njengokuhlanganisa i-fiber noma ukunqanyulwa kwesixhumi, kubalulekile. Kunconywa ukuthi kubandakanye ochwepheshe abanolwazi noma ochwepheshe abaqinisekisiwe ngokufakwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele nokusebenza okuphelele.

 

Q4: Ingakanani impilo yezintambo ze-fiber optic?

 

I-A4: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zinesikhathi eside sokuphila, ngokuvamile sisukela eminyakeni engama-20 kuye kwengama-30 noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Ziyaziwa ngokuqina kwazo kanye nokumelana nokucekelwa phansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

 

I-Q5: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zingayidlulisa kude kangakanani idatha?

 

I-A5: Ibanga lokudlulisela lezintambo ze-fiber optic lincike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, njengohlobo lwefayibha, isilinganiso sedatha, nezisetshenziswa zenethiwekhi ezisetshenziswayo. Imicu yemodi eyodwa ingadlulisela idatha ebangeni elide, ngokuvamile elisukela kumakhilomitha ambalwa ukuya kumakhulu amakhilomitha, kuyilapho imicu ye-multimode ifaneleka amabanga amafushane, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamamitha angamakhulu ambalwa.

 

I-Q6: Ingabe izintambo ze-fiber optic zingahlukaniswa noma zixhunywe?

 

I-A6: Yebo, izintambo ze-fiber optic zingahlukaniswa noma zixhunywe. I-Fusion splicing kanye ne-mechanical splicing amasu avame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izintambo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ze-fiber optic ndawonye. Ukwehlukanisa kuvumela ukunwetshwa kwamanethiwekhi, ukuxhuma izintambo, noma ukulungisa izigaba ezilimele.

 

I-Q7: Ingabe izintambo ze-fiber optic zingasetshenziswa kukho kokubili ukudluliswa kwezwi nedatha?

 

I-A7: Yebo, izintambo ze-fiber optic zingaphatha kokubili amasignali ezwi nawedatha ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi okunesivinini esikhulu, ukusakazwa kwevidiyo, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana ngocingo, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-voice-over-IP (VoIP).

 

Q8: Yiziphi izinzuzo zezintambo ze-fiber optic phezu kwezintambo zethusi?

 

I-A8: Izintambo ze-Fiber optic zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ngaphezu kwezintambo zethusi zendabuko, okuhlanganisa:

 

• Umkhawulokudonsa omkhulu: I-Fiber optics ingadlulisela idatha eyengeziwe kumabanga amade uma kuqhathaniswa nezintambo zethusi.
• Ukungavikeleki ekuphazamisekeni kwe-electromagnetic: Izintambo ze-Fiber optic azithintwa izinkambu ze-electromagnetic, okuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile.
• Ukuvikeleka okuthuthukisiwe: I-Fiber optics kunzima ukungena kuyo, okuyenza ivikeleke kakhulu ekudluliseni ulwazi olubucayi.
• Ilula futhi izacile: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zilula futhi mancane, okwenza kube lula ukuzifaka nokubamba.

 

Q9: Ingabe zonke izintambo ze-fiber optic ziyefana?

 

I-A9: Cha, izintambo ze-fiber optic ziza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokucushwa ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zohlelo lokusebenza. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko yizintambo zemodi eyodwa kanye ne-multimode. Izintambo zemodi eyodwa zinomgogodla omncane futhi zingadlulisela idatha kumabanga amade, kuyilapho amakhebuli emodi eningi enomgogodla omkhulu futhi esekela amabanga amafushane. Ukwengeza, kunemiklamo ehlukene yekhebula ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile, njengeshubhu elixegayo, izintambo eziqinile, noma iribhoni.

 

I-Q10: Ingabe izintambo ze-fiber optic ziphephile ukubamba?

 

I-A10: Izintambo ze-fiber optic ngokuvamile ziphephile ukubamba. Ngokungafani nezintambo zethusi, izintambo ze-fiber optic azinawo amandla kagesi, okuqeda ingozi yokushaqeka kukagesi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuvikela ukulimala kwamehlo okuvela emithonjeni yokukhanya kwe-laser esetshenziselwa ukuhlola noma ukulungisa. Kunconywa ukuthi ugqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele (i-PPE) futhi ulandele imihlahlandlela yokuphepha lapho usebenza ngezintambo ze-fiber optic.

 

I-Q11: Ingabe ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi endala ingathuthukiswa ibe yizintambo ze-fiber optic?

 

I-A11: Yebo, ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ekhona ingathuthukiswa ibe yizintambo ze-fiber optic. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukushintsha noma ukufaka kabusha amasistimu asekelwe ethusi ngemishini ye-fiber optic. Ukushintshela ku-fiber optics kunikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye namandla okufakazela isikhathi esizayo, okuqinisekisa amandla okuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zomkhawulokudonsa wezinhlelo zokuxhumana zesimanje.

 

I-Q12: Ingabe izintambo ze-fiber optic azivikelekile ezintweni zemvelo?

 

I-A12: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zenzelwe ukuthi zimelane nezinto ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Angakwazi ukumelana nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama, ngisho nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, izimo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu njengokugoba noma ukuchotshozwa ngokweqile kungase kuthinte ukusebenza kwezintambo.

I-Fiber Optic Networking Glossary

• Ukulinda - Ukuncipha kwamandla esignali ngobude be-fiber optical. Ikalwa ngama-decibel ngekhilomitha (dB/km). 
• Komkhawulokudonsa - Inani eliphakeme ledatha elingadluliswa ngenethiwekhi ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Umkhawulokudonsa ulinganiswa ngama-megabits noma amagigabhithi ngomzuzwana.
• Ukugoqa - Ungqimba lwangaphandle oluzungeze umnyombo wefiber optical. Inenkomba ye-refractive ephansi kunomongo, okubangela ukubonakaliswa okuphelele kwangaphakathi kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwengqikithi.
• Isixhumi - Ithuluzi lokunqamula ngomshini elisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izintambo ze-fiber optic ukuze kufakwe amaphaneli, okokusebenza noma ezinye izintambo. Izibonelo izixhumi ze-LC, SC, ST kanye ne-FC. 
• Core - Isikhungo se-fiber optical lapho ukukhanya kusakazeka khona ngokubonakala okuphelele kwangaphakathi. Yenziwe ngengilazi noma ngepulasitiki futhi inenkomba ephezulu ye-refractive kune-cladding.
• I-dB (decibel) - Iyunithi yokulinganisa emelela isilinganiso se-logarithmic samaleveli esignali amabili. Isetshenziselwa ukuveza ukulahleka kwamandla (ukunciphisa) kuzixhumanisi ze-fiber optic. 
• Ethernet - Ubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi bamanethiwekhi endawo (ama-LAN) obusebenzisa i-fiber optic cabling futhi bugijima phezu kwamapheya asontekile noma amakhebuli angama-coaxial. Amazinga ahlanganisa i-100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-SX kanye ne-10GBASE-SR. 
• Jumper - Ikhebula lokuchibiyela elifushane elisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izingxenye ze-fiber optic noma ukwenza ukuxhumana okuphambanayo kumasistimu amakhebula. Futhi kubizwa ngokuthi i-patch cord. 
• Ukulahlekelwa - Ukwehliswa kwamandla esiginali ye-optical ngesikhathi sokudlulisela ngesixhumanisi se-fiber optic. Kukalwa ngama-decibel (dB) anamazinga amaningi enethiwekhi yefayibha ecacisa amanani aphezulu okulahlekelwa abekezeleleka.
• I-Modal Bandwidth - Imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu lapho amamodi amaningi okukhanya angasakaza ngempumelelo ku-multi-mode fiber. Ikalwa nge-megahertz (MHz) ngekhilomitha. 
• Imbobo Yezinombolo - Isilinganiso se-engeli yokwamukela ukukhanya ye-fiber optical. Amafiber ane-NA ephakeme angamukela ukukhanya kungena ngama-engeli abanzi, kodwa ngokuvamile abe nokuncipha okuphezulu. 
• I-Refractive Index - Isilinganiso sokuthi ukukhanya kukhula ngokushesha kangakanani ngento. Uma iphezulu inkomba ye-refractive, ukukhanya kuhamba kancane ezintweni. Umehluko kunkomba ye-refractive phakathi kwe-core kanye ne-cladding ivumela ukuboniswa okuphelele kwangaphakathi.
• I-Files yendlela eyodwa - I-fiber optical enobubanzi obuncane bomgogodla obuvumela imodi eyodwa kuphela yokukhanya ukuthi isakazeke. Isetshenziselwa ukudluliswa kwebanga elide lomkhawulokudonsa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwayo okuphansi. Usayizi ojwayelekile oyinhloko wama-microns angu-8-10. 
• Splice - Ilunga elihlala njalo phakathi kwemicu emibili eyodwa noma izintambo ezimbili ze-fiber optic. Idinga umshini we-splice ukuze ujoyine ngokunembile ama-glass cores omzila wokudlulisa oqhubekayo onokulahlekelwa okuncane.

 

Funda Futhi: I-Fiber Optic Cable Terminology 101: Uhlu Olugcwele & Chaza

Yiziphi Izintambo Ze-Fiber Optic? 

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ziyizintambo ezinde, ezincane zengilazi ehlanzekile kakhulu ukudlulisa ulwazi lwedijithali amabanga amade. Zenziwe ngengilazi ye-silica futhi ziqukethe imicu ethwala ukukhanya ehlelwe yaba yinqwaba noma inqwaba. Ukukhanya okungaphakathi kwefayibha kuhamba ku-fiber ngokuhlala kubonisa umngcele ophakathi komgogodla kanye ne-cladding.

 

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezintambo ze-fiber optic: imodi eyodwa kanye nemodi eminingi. Imicu yemodi eyodwa ube nomgogodla omncane ovumela imodi eyodwa yokukhanya ukuthi idluliselwe, ngenkathi ama-multi-mode fibers ibe nengqikithi ebanzi evumela izindlela eziningi zokukhanya ukuthi zidluliselwe kanyekanye. Amafayibha emodi eyodwa ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amabanga amade, kuyilapho amafayibha emodi eningi ehamba phambili kumabanga amafushane. Ama-cores azo zombili izinhlobo zamafayibha enziwe ngengilazi ye-silica ehlanzekile kakhulu, kodwa imicu yemodi eyodwa idinga ukubekezelelana okuqinile ukuze ikhiqize.

 

Nasi isigaba:

 

Izinhlobo zekhebula le-fiber optic yemodi eyodwa

 

• I-OS1/OS2: Idizayinelwe amanethiwekhi omkhawulokudonsa ophezulu kumabanga amade. Usayizi ojwayelekile wama-microns angu-8.3. Isetshenziselwa i-telecom/umhlinzeki wesevisi, izixhumanisi ze-backbone yebhizinisi kanye noxhumano lwesikhungo sedatha.
• Ijeli yeshubhu exegethile: Amafayibha amaningi angu-250um aqukethwe kumashubhu axegayo anekhodi enemibala kubhantshi langaphandle. Isetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwezitshalo ngaphandle.
• I-tight-buffered: Imicu engu-250um enongqimba oluyisivikelo ngaphansi kwejazi. Futhi isetshenziselwa izitshalo zangaphandle emigqeni yasemoyeni, ama-conduits, namapayipi.

 

Izinhlobo zekhebula le-Multimode fibre optic: 

 

• I-OM1/OM2: Kumabanga amafushane, umkhawulokudonsa ophansi. Usayizi oyinhloko wama-microns angu-62.5. Ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi amafa.
• I-OM3: Ku-10Gb Ethernet kufika ku-300m. Usayizi oyinhloko wama-microns angu-50. Isetshenziswa ezikhungweni zedatha kanye nokwakha izisekelo.  
• I-OM4: I-bandwidth ephakeme kune-OM3 ye-100G Ethernet kanye ne-400G Ethernet kufika ku-150m. Futhi 50 micron core. 
• I-OM5: Izinga lakamuva lomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu (okufika ku-100G Ethernet) phakathi kwamabanga amafushane kakhulu (okungenani u-100m). Okwezinhlelo ezisafufusa ezifana ne-50G PON ku-5G amanethiwekhi angenantambo namadolobha ahlakaniphile. 
• Izintambo zokusabalalisa: Iqukethe imicu engu-6 noma engu-12 250um yokuxhuma phakathi kwamagumbi/iphansi le-telecom esakhiweni.  

 

Izintambo eziyinhlanganisela eziqukethe kokubili i-singlemode ne-multimode fibers nazo zivame ukusetshenziselwa izixhumanisi zomgogodla wengqalasizinda lapho zombili izindlela kufanele zisekelwe.      

 

Funda Futhi: Ukuvala ubuso: Ikhebula le-Multimode Fiber Optic vs Ikhebula le-Fiber Optic yemodi Eyodwa

 

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ngokuvamile ziqukethe imicu eminingi ngayinye ehlanganiswe ndawonye ukuze ibe namandla nokuvikela. Ngaphakathi kwekhebula, i-fiber ngayinye imbozwe ngepulasitiki yayo eyisivikelo futhi ivikeleke nakakhulu emonakalweni wangaphandle nokukhanya ngesivikelo esingeziwe kanye nokwahlukanisa phakathi kwemicu nangaphandle kwayo yonke intambo. Ezinye izintambo zihlanganisa izinto ezivimba amanzi noma ezimelana namanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo wamanzi. Ukufaka kahle futhi kudinga ukuhlanganisa ngokucophelela nokunqamula imicu ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwesignali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside.

 

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezintambo ezijwayelekile zethusi zensimbi, izintambo ze-fiber optic zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa zokudlulisa ulwazi. Banomkhawulokudonsa ophakeme kakhulu, okubavumela ukuthi baphathe idatha eyengeziwe. Anesisindo esilula, ahlala isikhathi eside, futhi ayakwazi ukudlulisa amasignali ebangeni elide. Azikwazi ukuphazanyiswa yi-electromagnetic futhi aziwuphathi ugesi. Lokhu futhi kuzenza ziphephe kakhulu njengoba zingakhiphi noma yiziphi izinhlansi futhi azikwazi ukuthintwa noma zigadwe kalula njengezintambo zethusi. Sekukonke, izintambo ze-fiber optic zinike amandla ukunyuka okukhulu kwezivinini zokuxhuma ku-inthanethi nokuthembeka.

Izinhlobo Ezijwayelekile Zezintambo Ze-Fiber Optic

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukudlulisa idatha kanye namasignali okuxhumana ngocingo ngesivinini esiphezulu emabangeni amade. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezintambo ze-fiber optic, ngayinye yakhelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Kulesi sigaba, sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo ezintathu ezijwayelekile: intambo ye-fiber optic yasemoyeni, intambo ye-fiber optic engaphansi komhlaba, nekhebula le-fiber optic elingaphansi kolwandle.

1. Ikhebula le-Aerial Fiber Optic

Izintambo ze-aerial fibre optic aklanyelwe ukufakwa ngaphezu komhlabathi, ngokuvamile ezigxotsheni noma emibhoshongweni. Avikelwe igobolondo langaphandle eliqinile elivikela imicu yefiber entekenteke ezicini zemvelo njengezimo zezulu, imisebe ye-UV, nokuphazanyiswa kwezilwane zasendle. Izintambo zasemoyeni zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ekuxhumaneni okude phakathi kwamadolobha. Abiza kakhulu futhi kulula ukuzifaka, okuwenza abe yinketho edumile ezinkampanini zokuxhumana ngezingcingo ezifundeni ezithile.

 

Funda Futhi: Umhlahlandlela ophelele wekhebula le-Ground Fiber Optic

2. Ikhebula le-Underground Fiber Optic

Njengoba igama liphakamisa, izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi komhlaba zinjalo angcwatshwe ngaphansi komhlabathi ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokudlulisela evikelekile nevikelekile. Lezi zintambo ziklanyelwe ukumelana nemiphumela yezimo zemvelo ezinzima, njengomswakama, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, nokucindezeleka ngokomzimba. Izintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, lapho indawo ilinganiselwe, futhi ukuvikelwa emonakalweni wengozi noma ukucekelwa phansi kubalulekile. Avame ukufakwa ngamapayipi angaphansi komhlaba noma agqitshwe ngokuqondile emiseleni.

3. Ikhebula le-Undersea Fiber Optic

Izintambo ze-Undersea fiber optic zenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthi zibekwe ngaphesheya kolwandle ukuxhuma amazwekazi futhi unike amandla ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke. Lezi zintambo zenzelwe ukumelana nokucindezela okukhulu nezimo ezinzima zemvelo engaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokuvamile zivikelwe izendlalelo eziningi zensimbi noma izivikelo ze-polyethylene, kanye nezingubo ezingangeni manzi. Izintambo ezingaphansi kolwandle zisetshenziselwa ukudluliswa kwedatha emhlabeni jikelele futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni lula ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi komhlaba wonke. Angakwazi ukuhamba ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi abalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwamazwekazi, ukusekela ukudluliswa kwedatha okunamandla aphezulu kanye nokuxhumana komhlaba jikelele.

4. Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezigqitshiwe eziqondile zenzelwe ukungcwatshwa ngqo emhlabathini ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-conduit noma izembozo zokuzivikela. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa izicelo lapho izimo zomhlabathi zifanelekile futhi ingozi yokulimala noma ukuphazamiseka iphansi. Lawa makhebuli akhiwe ngezingqimba ezengeziwe zokuvikela, njengamajakhethi anesisindo esinzima nezikhali, ukuze amelane nezingozi ezingaba khona njengomswakama, amagundane, nokucindezeleka komshini.

5. I-Ribbon Fiber Optic Cable

Izintambo ze-Ribbon fibre optic ziqukethe imicu eminingi yokubona ehlelwe ngezakhiwo ezifana neribhoni eliyisicaba. Amafayibha ngokuvamile anqwabelaniswa phezulu kwenye, okuvumela ukubala kwefayibha ephezulu ngaphakathi kwekhebula eyodwa. Izintambo zamaribhoni zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukuminyana okuphezulu nokubumbana, njengezikhungo zedatha noma ukushintshana kwezokuxhumana. Zenza kube lula ukuphatha, ukuhlanganisa, nokunqanyulwa, okuzenza zilungele ukufakwa lapho kudingeka khona inani elikhulu lemicu.

6. Ikhebula le-Tube Fiber Optic elixegayo

Izintambo ezixegayo ze-fiber optic zeshubhu zihlanganisa umcu owodwa noma ngaphezulu ovalwe kumashubhu esivikela esivikelo. Lawa mashubhu e-buffer asebenza njengamayunithi okuvikela angawodwana emicu, enikeza ukumelana nomswakama, ukucindezeleka komshini, kanye nezici zemvelo. Izintambo zamashubhu axegayo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphandle noma ezinokhahlo, njengamanethiwekhi okuxhumana amabanga amade noma izindawo ezijwayele ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Idizayini yeshubhu exegayo ivumela ukukhonjwa okulula kwefayibha, ukuhlukaniswa, nokuthuthukiswa okuzayo.

7. Ikhebula le-Armored Fiber Optic

Izintambo ze-armored fibre optic ziqiniswa ngezendlalelo ezengeziwe zezivikelo, njengensimbi enguthayela noma amateyipu e-aluminium noma imiluko. Lesi sendlalelo esingeziwe sinikeza ukuvikeleka okuthuthukisiwe ekulimaleni ngokomzimba ezindaweni eziyinselele lapho izintambo zingase zichayeke kumandla angaphandle, okuhlanganisa imishini esindayo, amagundane, noma izimo zezimboni ezinzima. Izintambo zezikhali zivame ukusetshenziswa kuzilungiselelo zezimboni, ukusebenza kwezimayini, noma izindawo ezinengcuphe enkulu yokulimala kwengozi.

 

Lezi zinhlobo ezengeziwe zezintambo ze-fiber optic zinikeza izici ezikhethekile nokuvikelwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zokufakwa kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ukukhethwa kohlobo lwekhebula kuncike ezintweni ezifana nesimo sokusetshenziswa, ukuvikeleka okudingekayo, indlela yokufaka, kanye nezingozi ezilindelekile. Noma ngabe okokungcwaba okuqondile, ukufakwa okuminyana kakhulu, amanethiwekhi angaphandle, noma izindawo ezidinga kakhulu, ukukhetha ikhebula le-fiber optic elifanele kuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile nokusebenza kahle.

8. Izinhlobo Ezintsha Zekhebula Le-Fiber Optic

Ubuchwepheshe be-fiber optic buyaqhubeka nokuvela, ngemiklamo emisha yefayibha nezinto ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe. Ezinye zezinhlobo zekhebula le-fiber optic zakamuva zifaka:

 

• Amafayibha alungele ukugoba - Amafiber anephrofayili yenkomba esezingeni elilinganiselwe evimbela ukulahleka kokukhanya noma ukonakala kokusetshenziswa kubonwa okuyinhloko/kokugqoka lapho kugotshwe emakhoneni aqinile noma kugoqwe. Amafayibha alungiselelwe ukugoba angamelana ne-radii egobileyo efika ku-7.5mm ngemodi eyodwa kanye no-5mm kumodi ye-multimode ngaphandle kokunciphisa okubalulekile. Le micu ivumela ukuthunyelwa kwefayibha ezikhaleni ezingafanelekile i-bend radii emikhulu kanye nokunqanyulwa ekuxhumekeni kokuminyana okuphezulu. 
• Imicu yePlastiki optical (POF) - Imicu ye-Optical eyenziwe ngensimbi yepulasitiki kanye nokugqunywa esikhundleni sengilazi. I-POF iguquguquka kakhulu, kulula ukuyiqeda, futhi ibiza kancane kune-glass optical fiber. Kodwa-ke, i-POF ine-attenuation ephakeme kanye nomkhawulokudonsa ophansi, iwukhawulela kuzixhumanisi ezingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100. I-POF ilusizo kuma-electronics abathengi, amanethiwekhi ezimoto, nezilawuli zezimboni lapho ukusebenza okuphezulu kungabalulekile khona. 
• Ama-Multicore fibers - Imiklamo emisha yefayibha equkethe 6, 12 noma 19 ehlukene yemodi eyodwa noma ama-multimode cores ngaphakathi kwe-cladding evamile kanye nejakhethi. Amafayibha e-Multicore angadlulisela amasignali amaningi ahlukene nge-fiber strand eyodwa kanye nokunqanyulwa okukodwa noma iphoyinti le-splice ukuze uthole ukuminyana okuphezulu kwekhebula. Kodwa-ke, ama-multicore fibers adinga imishini yokuxhumana eyinkimbinkimbi njengama-multicore cleavers nezixhumi ze-MPO. Ukuncishiswa okuphezulu kanye nomkhawulokudonsa nakho kungahluka kumafayibha avamile owodwa kanye nambili. Ama-Multicore fibers abona uhlelo lokusebenza kumanethiwekhi ocingo kanye nesikhungo sedatha. 
• Izintambo eziwumgogodla ezingenalutho - Uhlobo olusafufusa lwefayibha elineshaneli engenalutho phakathi nendawo elizungezwe i-microstructured cladding evala ukukhanya ngaphakathi kwenkambo engenalutho. Imicu ewumgogodla engenalutho inokubambezeleka okuphansi futhi inciphise imiphumela engaqondile ehlanekezela amasiginali, kodwa ayinselele ukuyikhiqiza futhi isathuthuka. Ngokuzayo, imicu ye-hollow core inganika amandla amanethiwekhi asheshayo ngenxa yejubane elengeziwe ukukhanya okungahamba ngalo emoyeni uma kuqhathaniswa nengilazi eqinile. 

 

Nakuba kuseyimikhiqizo ekhethekile, izinhlobo ezintsha zefayibha zinweba izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho i-fiber optic cabling iyasebenza futhi iyonga, okuvumela amanethiwekhi ukuthi asebenze ngesivinini esiphezulu, ezindaweni eziqinile, kanye namabanga amafushane. Njengoba imicu emisha isetshenziswa kakhulu, ihlinzeka ngezinketho zokuthuthukisa izingxenye ezihlukene zengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zokusebenza nezidingo zokufakwa. Ukusebenzisa i-fiber yesizukulwane esilandelayo kugcina ubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi busenqenqemeni.     

I-Fiber Optic Cable Specifications kanye Nokukhethwa

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ziza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ukuze zivumelane nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene kanye nezidingo zokuxhumana. Ukucaciswa okubalulekile okufanele kucatshangelwe lapho ukhetha ikhebula le-fiber optic zifaka:

 

• Ubukhulu be-Core - Ububanzi bomongo bunquma ukuthi ingakanani idatha engadluliswa. Imicu yemodi eyodwa inomongo omncane (ama-microns angu-8-10) ovumela imodi eyodwa kuphela yokukhanya ukuthi isakazeke, ivumela umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu namabanga amade. Imicu yemodi eminingi inomgogodla omkhulu (ama-microns angu-50-62.5) ovumela izindlela eziningi zokukhanya ukuthi zisakazeke, ezihamba phambili kumabanga amafushane kanye nomkhawulokudonsa ophansi.  
• Ukugoqa - I-cladding izungeza umongo futhi inenkomba ephansi ye-refractive, ibamba ukukhanya kumongo ngokubonakala okuphelele kwangaphakathi. Ububanzi be-cladding ngokuvamile bungama-microns angu-125 kungakhathaliseki usayizi oyinhloko.
• Buffer Material - I-buffer material ivikela imicu yefiber emonakalweni nakumswakama. Izinketho ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa iTeflon, i-PVC, ne-polyethylene. Izintambo zangaphandle zidinga izinto ezivimbela amanzi ezimelana nesimo sezulu. 
• Ijubane - Ijakhethi yangaphandle inikeza ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe ngokomzimba kanye nemvelo kwekhebula. Amajakhethi ekhebula enziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-PVC, i-HDPE nensimbi ye-armored. Amajakhethi angaphandle kufanele amelane namazinga okushisa abanzi, ukuchayeka kwe-UV, nokuhuzuka. 
• Ngaphakathi vs. Ngaphandle - Ngaphezu kwamajakhethi ahlukene namabhafa, izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini nezingaphandle zinezakhiwo ezihlukile. Izintambo zangaphandle zihlukanisa imicu eyodwa ibe amashubhu axegayo noma amashubhu ebhafa aqinile ngaphakathi kwento emaphakathi, evumela umswakama ukuthi uphume. Izintambo zamaribhoni asendlini ziyaribhoni futhi zibeke imicu ukuze kube nokuminyana okuphezulu. Izintambo zangaphandle zidinga ukubeka phansi okufanele kanye nokucatshangelwa kokufaka okwengeziwe ukuze kuvikelwe i-UV, ukuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa, nokulayisha umoya.

 

Kuya khetha intambo ye-fiber optic, cabangela uhlelo lokusebenza, i-bandwidth oyifunayo, nendawo yokufaka. Izintambo zemodi eyodwa zingcono kakhulu ekuxhumaneni okude, okunomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu njengezintambo zenethiwekhi. Izintambo ezinamamodi amaningi zisebenza kahle kumabanga amafushane kanye nezidingo eziphansi zomkhawulokudonsa ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo. Izintambo zasendlini azidingi amabhantshi athuthukile noma ukumelana namanzi, kuyilapho izintambo zangaphandle zisebenzisa izinto eziqinile ukuze zivikeleke esimweni sezulu kanye nokulimala.  

 

Izintambo:

 

Uhlobo	Fiber	isikhumbulo sesikhana	Ijubane	Isilinganiso	Isicelo
I-OS2 yemodi eyodwa	9/125μm	Ishubhu elixegayo	PVC	Ngaphandle	Umgogodla wezakhiwo
I-Multimode OM3/OM4	50/125μm	Ibhafa eqinile	I-OFNR	Outdoor	Isikhungo sedatha/ikhampasi
Ukuzivikela	Imodi eyodwa/eminingi	Ishubhu exegayo/isibhafa esiqinile	I-PE/polyurethane/intambo yensimbi	Ukungcwatshwa kwangaphandle/ngqo	Imvelo enokhahlo
I-ADSS	Imodi eyodwa	Ayiphumelelanga	Ukuzisekela	Aerial	I-FTTA/izigxobo/usizo
OPGW	Imodi eyodwa	Ishubhu elixegayo	Izintambo zokuzisekela/zensimbi	I-Aerial static	Izintambo zamandla aphezulu
Dedela izintambo	Imodi eyodwa/eminingi	900μm/3mm amayunithi amancane	I-PVC/i-plenum	Ngaphakathi / ngaphandle	Ukuxhumana kokugcina kwekhasimende

  

Ukuxhumana: 

 

Uhlobo	Fiber	Ukubambisana	Polish	Ukuqedwa	Isicelo
LC	Imodi eyodwa/eminingi	I-PC/APC	Ukuthintana ngokomzimba (PC) noma i-engeli engu-8° (APC)	I-fiber eyodwa noma i-duplex	Isixhumi esivame kakhulu esisodwa/ezimbili zefayibha, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziminyana kakhulu
I-MPO/MTP	Imodi eminingi (12/24 fiber)	I-PC/APC	Ukuthintana ngokomzimba (PC) noma i-engeli engu-8° (APC)	I-Multi-fiber array	Ukuxhumana kwe-40/100G, i-trunking, izikhungo zedatha
SC	Imodi eyodwa/eminingi	I-PC/APC	Ukuthintana ngokomzimba (PC) noma i-engeli engu-8° (APC)	I-Simplex noma i-duplex	Izinhlelo zokusebenza zefa, amanethiwekhi athile enkampani yenethiwekhi
ST	Imodi eyodwa/eminingi	I-PC/APC	Ukuthintana ngokomzimba (PC) noma i-engeli engu-8° (APC)	I-Simplex noma i-duplex	Izinhlelo zokusebenza zefa, amanethiwekhi athile enkampani yenethiwekhi
MU	Imodi eyodwa	I-PC/APC	Ukuthintana ngokomzimba (PC) noma i-engeli engu-8° (APC)	I-Simplex	Imvelo eqinile, i-fiber ku-antenna
ama-splice ezivalekile/amathileyi	N / A	NA	NA	Fusion noma mechanical	Ukushintsha, ukubuyisela noma ukufinyelela okumaphakathi kwe-span

 

Sicela ubheke lo mhlahlandlela lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo ye-fiber optic ukuze uthole uhlobo olufanele lwezinhlelo zakho zokusebenza nendawo yenethiwekhi. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe nganoma yimuphi umkhiqizo, ngicela uxhumane nabakhiqizi ngokuqondile noma ungazise ukuthi nginganikeza kanjani izincomo ezengeziwe noma usizo lokukhetha.

  

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zinikeza isethi yezakhiwo ezilinganayo ukuze zivumelane nezidingo zenethiwekhi kunoma iyiphi indawo lapho uhlobo olufanele lukhethwa ngokusekelwe ezicacisweni eziyinhloko ezithinta uhlelo lokusebenza, usayizi oyinhloko, isilinganiso sejazi, nendawo yokufaka. Ukucabangela lezi zici kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukuvikelwa, kanye nenani.

Amazinga Omkhakha Wekhebula Le-Fiber Optic

Imboni ye-fiber optic cable ibambelela kumazinga ahlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana, ukwethembeka, nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye nezinhlelo ezahlukene. Lesi sigaba sihlola amanye amazinga abalulekile embonini abusa intambo ye-fiber optic kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ekuqinisekiseni amanethiwekhi okuxhumana angenazihibe.

 

• I-TIA/EIA-568: Izinga le-TIA/EIA-568, elithuthukiswe yi-Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) kanye ne-Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), lihlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela yokuklama nokufakwa kwamasistimu amakhebula ahlelekile, okuhlanganisa izintambo ze-fiber optic. Ihlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene, njengezinhlobo zamakhebula, izixhumi, ukusebenza kokudlulisela, kanye nezidingo zokuhlola. Ukuthobela leli zinga kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquguquki nokuthembekile kukho konke ukufakwa kwenethiwekhi okuhlukile.
• I-ISO/IEC 11801: Izinga le-ISO/IEC 11801 libeka izidingo zezinhlelo zekhebula ezijwayelekile, okuhlanganisa izintambo ze-fiber optic, ezakhiweni zentengiso. Ihlanganisa izici ezifana nokusebenza kokudlulisela, izigaba zamakhebula, izixhumi, nezinqubo zokufaka. Ukuthobela leli zinga kuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kanye nokuvumelana kokusebenza kuwo wonke amasistimu amakhebula ahlukene.
• I-ANSI/TIA-598: Izinga le-ANSI/TIA-598 lihlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela yokufakwa kwekhodi kombala kwezintambo ze-fiber optic, ecacisa izikimu zombala zezinhlobo ezihlukene zamafayibha, ama-buffer coatings, nemibala yokuqalisa isixhumi. Leli zinga liqinisekisa ukufana futhi lisiza ukuhlonza okulula nokumataniswa kwezintambo ze-fiber optic ngesikhathi sokufakwa, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga.
• I-ITU-T G.651: Izinga le-ITU-T G.651 lichaza izici kanye nemingcele yokudlulisela yama-multimode optical fibers. Ihlanganisa izici ezinjengosayizi oyinhloko, iphrofayela yenkomba ye-refractive, kanye nomkhawulokudonsa we-modal. Ukuthobelana naleli zinga kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquguquki nokuhambisana kwezintambo ze-multimode fibre optic kuwo wonke amasistimu nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene.
• I-ITU-T G.652: Izinga le-ITU-T G.652 licacisa izici kanye nemingcele yokudlulisela ye-fiber optical yemodi eyodwa. Ihlanganisa izici ezifana nokunciphisa, ukuhlakazeka, kanye ne-cutoff wavelength. Ukuthobela leli zinga kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquguquki nokuthembekile kwezintambo ze-fiber optic zemodi eyodwa ezisetshenziswa zokuxhumana ezikude.

 

Ukunamathela kulawa mazinga womkhakha kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuhambisana, ukwethembeka, kanye nokusebenza ekufakweni kwekhebula le-fiber optic. Ukuthobelana kuqinisekisa ukuthi izintambo, izixhumi, nezingxenye zenethiwekhi ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukene zingasebenza ndawonye ngaphandle komthungo, zenze ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi kube lula, ukufakwa, nezinqubo zokunakekela. Iphinde yenze kube lula ukusebenzisana futhi ihlinzeke ngolimi olufanayo lokuxhumana phakathi kochwepheshe bemboni.

 

Nakuba lezi kungamazinga ambalwa nje embonini ezintambo ze-fiber optic, ukubaluleka kwazo akunakugcizelelwa. Ngokulandela lawa mazinga, abaklami benethiwekhi, izifaki, kanye nama-opharetha bangaqinisekisa ubuqotho nekhwalithi yengqalasizinda ye-fiber optic, bakhuthaze amanethiwekhi okuxhumana asebenza kahle nathembekile.

 

Funda Futhi: I-Demystifying Fiber Optic Cable Standards: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele

Ukwakhiwa Kwekhebula Le-Fiber Optic kanye Nokudluliselwa Kokukhanya

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zenziwe ngezingqimba ezimbili ezigxilile ze-silica ehlanganisiwe, ingilazi ehlanzekile kakhulu enokucaca okuphezulu. Ingaphakathi elingaphakathi linenkomba ye-refractive ephakeme kune-cladding yangaphandle, evumela ukukhanya ukuthi kuqondiswe ku-fiber ngokusebenzisa ukubukeka okuphelele kwangaphakathi.  

 

I-fiber optic cable assembly iqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo:

 

Izingxenye kanye nomklamo wentambo ye-fiber optic inquma ukufaneleka kwayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene nendawo yokufaka. Izici ezibalulekile zokwakhiwa kwekhebula zifaka:

 

• Usayizi omkhulu - Umcu wengilazi wangaphakathi ophethe amasignali okubona. Osayizi abavamile 9/125μm, 50/125μm, kanye 62.5/125μm. I-9/125μm i-fibre yemodi eyodwa inomongo omncane webanga elide, ukugijima komkhawulokudonsa ophezulu. 50/125μm kanye ne-62.5/125μm ifayibha yemodi eningi inama-cores abanzi ezixhumanisi ezimfushane lapho umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu ungadingeki. 
• Amashubhu e-buffer - Izingubo zepulasitiki ezizungeza imicu yefiber ukuze zivikeleke. Amafayibha angahlukaniswa abe amashubhu ebhafa ahlukene ukuze ahleleke futhi ahlukaniswe. Ama-buffer tubes nawo agcina umswakama kude nemicu. Kusetshenziswa amashubhu axegayo kanye nemiklamo ye-tight buffer tube. 
• Amalungu amandla - Izintambo ze-Aramid, izinti ze-fiberglass noma izintambo zensimbi ezifakwe kumongo wekhebula ukuze zinikeze amandla aqinile futhi zivikele ingcindezi kumafayibha ngesikhathi sokufakwa noma izinguquko zemvelo. Amalungu amandla anciphisa ubude futhi avumele ukudonsa okuphezulu lapho kufakwa ikhebula.
• Amafayili - I-padding eyengeziwe noma ukugxusha, ngokuvamile okwenziwa nge-fiberglass, yengezwa kumongo wekhebula ukuze kuhlinzekwe i-cushioning futhi kwenziwe intambo ibe yindilinga. Izifaki zivele zithathe isikhala futhi zingangezi amandla noma isivikelo. Kufakwe kuphela njengoba kudingeka ukuze kuzuzwe ububanzi obufanele bekhebula. 
• Ijakhethi yangaphandle - Ungqimba lwepulasitiki oluvale umgogodla wekhebula, izigcwalisi, namalungu anamandla. Ijazi livikela umswakama, imihuzuko, amakhemikhali, nokunye ukulimala kwemvelo. Izinto ezijwayelekile zamajakhethi yi-HDPE, MDPE, PVC, ne-LSZH. Ikhebuli elinganiselwe yangaphandle isebenzisa amajakhethi aqinile, amelana ne-UV njenge-polyethylene noma i-polyurethane. 
• Zempi - Isembozo sensimbi eyengeziwe, ngokuvamile insimbi noma i-aluminium, yengezwa phezu kwebhantshi lekhebula ukuze kuvikelwe umshini namagundane. Intambo ye-armored fibre optic isetshenziswa uma ifakwe ezimeni ezimbi ngaphansi komonakalo ongaba khona. Isivikelo sengeza isisindo esibalulekile futhi sinciphisa ukuguquguquka ngakho-ke sinconywa kuphela uma kunesidingo. 
• I-Ripcord - Intambo yenayiloni ngaphansi kwejakhethi yangaphandle evumela ukukhishwa kalula kwejazi ngesikhathi sokunqanyulwa nokuxhuma. Ukudonsa nje i-ripcord kuhlukanisa ibhantshi ngaphandle kwemicu elimazayo ngaphansi. I-Ripcord ayifakiwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zekhebula le-fiber optic. 

 

Inhlanganisela ethize yalezi zingxenye zokwakha ikhiqiza intambo ye-fiber optic elungiselelwe indawo yayo yokusebenza ehlosiwe kanye nezidingo zokusebenza. Izihlanganisi zingakhetha ohlwini lwezinhlobo zekhebula zanoma iyiphi inethiwekhi ye-fiber optic. 

 

Funda kabanzi: Izingxenye Zekhebula Le-Fiber Optic: Uhlu Olugcwele & Chaza

 

Uma ukukhanya kudluliselwa ku-fiber optic core, kukhombisa ukuvela kwesixhumi esibonakalayo kuma-engeli amakhulu kune-engeli ebalulekile, kuqhubeke kuhamba kufiber. Lokhu kuboniswa kwangaphakathi ngobude befayibha kuvumela ukulahleka kokukhanya okungenandaba kumabanga amade.

 

Umehluko wenkomba ye-refractive phakathi kwe-core kanye ne-cladding, ukalwa ngokuvula inombolo (NA), unquma ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okungangena ku-fiber nokuthi mangaki ama-engeli azobonakala ngaphakathi. I-NA ephakeme ivumela ukwamukelwa kokukhanya okuphakeme nama-engeli okubonisa, ehamba phambili kumabanga amafushane, kuyilapho i-NA ephansi inokwamukela ukukhanya okuphansi kodwa ingadlulisela ngokuncishana okuncane emabangeni amade.

 

Izakhiwo zokwakha nezokudlulisela zezintambo ze-fiber optic zivumela isivinini esingenakuqhathaniswa, umkhawulokudonsa, kanye nokufinyelela kwamanethiwekhi e-fiber optic. Njengoba zingenazo izingxenye zikagesi, i-fiber optics inikeza inkundla yokufinyelela evulekile ekahle yokuxhumana kwedijithali nokuvumela ubuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhanya kungalungiselelwa kanjani ukuhamba ngamamayela ngaphakathi kwefayibha yengilazi izacile njengezinwele zomuntu kuyisihluthulelo sokuvula amandla ezinhlelo ze-fiber optic.

Umlando Wezintambo Ze-Fiber Optic

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezintambo ze-fiber optic kwaqala ngawo-1960 ngokusungulwa kwe-laser. Ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi ukukhanya kwe-laser kwakungadluliswa amabanga amade ngemicu emincane yengilazi. Ngo-1966, uCharles Kao noGeorge Hockham bathi imicu yengilazi ingase isetshenziselwe ukudlulisa ukukhanya ezindaweni ezikude nokulahlekelwa okuncane. Umsebenzi wabo wabeka isisekelo sobuchwepheshe besimanje be-fiber optic.

 

Ngo-1970, abacwaningi be-Corning Glass u-Robert Maurer, u-Donald Keck, no-Peter Schultz basungula i-fiber optical yokuqala enokulahlekelwa okuphansi ngokwanele kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana. Ukwakhiwa kwale fibre kwenze ucwaningo lwasebenzisa i-fiber optics kwezokuxhumana. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, izinkampani zaqala ukwakha amasistimu okuxhumana ezokuxhumana nge-fiber optic. 

 

Ngo-1977, I-General Telephone kanye ne-Electronics yathumela ithrafikhi yocingo yokuqala bukhoma ngezintambo ze-fiber optic e-Long Beach, eCalifornia. Lolu cwaningo lubonise ukusebenza kwe-fiber optic telecommunications. Kuwo wonke ama-1980s, izinkampani ezisebenzela ukutshala amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic amabanga amade zixhume amadolobha amakhulu e-US naseYurophu. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izinkampani zocingo zomphakathi zaqala ukushintsha izintambo zocingo zethusi ngezintambo ze-fiber optic.

 

Abasunguli ababalulekile namaphayona kubuchwepheshe be-fiber optic bahlanganisa uNarinder Singh Kapany, uJun-ichi Nishizawa, noRobert Maurer. U-Kapany waziwa ngokuthi "uFather of Fiber Optics" ngomsebenzi wakhe ngawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960 ethuthukisa nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-fiber optic. U-Nishizawa usungule uhlelo lokuqala lokuxhumana lokubona ngo-1953. UMaurer wahola ithimba le-Corning Glass elasungula i-fiber optical yokuqala elahlekelwa kancane evumela ukuxhumana kwesimanje kwe-fiber optic.  

 

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezintambo ze-fiber optic kuguqule ezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke futhi kwenze i-inthanethi enesivinini esikhulu kanye namanethiwekhi olwazi omhlaba esinawo namuhla. Ubuchwepheshe be-fiber optic buxhume umhlaba ngokuvumela inani elikhulu ledatha ukuthi lisakazwe emhlabeni wonke ngemizuzwana.

 

Sengiphetha, phakathi neminyaka yokusebenza kososayensi nabacwaningi, izintambo ze-fiber optic zathuthukiswa futhi zalungiselelwa ukudlulisa amasignali okukhanya ebangeni elide. Ukusungulwa nokuhweba kwabo kuguqule umhlaba ngokuvumela izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke kanye nokufinyelela olwazini.

Izakhiwo Zokuxhumanisa I-Fiber  

Emgogodleni wayo, inethiwekhi ye-fiber optic yenziwe izingxenye ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezixhumeka ukudala ingqalasizinda yokudlulisa nokwamukela idatha ngamasignali alula. Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa:   

 

• Izintambo ze-Fiber optic njenge-Unitube Light-armored Cable (GYXS/GYXTW) noma i-Unitube Non-metallic Micro Cable (JET) aqukethe imicu emincane yengilazi noma impahla ye-plastic fiber futhi ahlinzeka ngendlela lapho amasignali ahamba khona. Izinhlobo zekhebula zifaka i-singlemode, i-multimode, i-hybrid fibre optic cable kanye nezintambo zokusabalalisa. Izinto zokukhetha imodi/ukubalwa kwefayibha, ukwakhiwa, indlela yokufaka, nezixhumi zenethiwekhi. Imicu ye-Optical imicu emincane, eguquguqukayo yengilazi noma yepulasitiki esebenza njengendawo yokudlulisa amasignali okukhanya ebangeni elide. Zenzelwe ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwesignali nokugcina ubuqotho bedatha edlulisiwe.
• Umthombo wokukhanya: Umthombo wokukhanya, ngokuvamile i-laser noma i-LED (I-Light Emitting Diode), isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amasiginali okukhanya adluliselwa ngemicu yokubona. Umthombo wokukhanya udinga ukwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okuzinzile nokungashintshi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile.
• Izingxenye zokuxhuma: lezi zingxenye zixhuma izintambo kumishini, zivumela ukuphetshwa. Izixhumi ezifana ne-LC, SC kanye ne-MPO imicu yefayibha embalwa kumachweba wemishini nezintambo. Ama-adaptha afana ne-adaptha ye-Fiber optic/i-coupler flange/isixhumi se-optic esisheshayo ajoyina izixhumi kumaphaneli okuchibiyela. Izintambo zokuhlanganisa ezinqanyulwe kusengaphambili nezixhumi zidala izixhumanisi zesikhashana. Ukuxhumana kudlulisa amasignali ukukhanya phakathi kwezintambo zekhebula, okokusebenza, nezintambo zokuhlanganisa eduze kwesixhumanisi. Qondanisa izinhlobo zezixhumi nezidingo zokufaka nezimbobo zemishini.  
• Izixhumi: Izixhumi zisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ama-optical fibers ngamanye noma ukuxhuma amafayibha kwezinye izingxenye zenethiwekhi, njengamaswishi noma amarutha. Lezi zixhumi ziqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphephile nokunembe ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bedatha edlulisiwe.
• Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezixhumanisayo: Lokhu kuhlanganisa amadivayisi afana namaphaneli okuchibiyela, izindawo ezivalekile ze-splice, namabhokisi okunqamula. Lezi zingxenye zehadiwe zinikeza indlela elula nehlelekile yokuphatha nokuvikela ama-optical fibers kanye nokuxhumana kwawo. Baphinde basize ekuxazululeni izinkinga nasekulungiseni inethiwekhi.
• Okuvalekile okufana namakhabethe efayibha azimele wodwa, izivalo ze-rack mount fibre noma izivalo zefiber odongeni zihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kokuxhunywa kwefayibha kanye namafayibha axegayo/aluphu ngezinketho zokuminyana okuphezulu. Amathreyi axegayo neziqondiso zefiber zigcina ubude bekhebula obeqile. Izivalo zivikela ezingozini zemvelo futhi zihlela umthamo wefayibha ephezulu. 
• Ama-Transceivers: Ama-Transceivers, aziwa nangokuthi amamojula optical, asebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwenethiwekhi ye-fiber optic namanye amadivaysi enethiwekhi, njengamakhompyutha, amaswishi, noma amarutha. Baguqula amasignali kagesi abe amasignali okukhanya ukuze adluliselwe futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo phakathi kwamanethiwekhi e-fiber optic kanye namanethiwekhi endabuko asekelwe ethusi.
• Ama-Repeaters/Amplifaya: Izimpawu ze-Fiber optic zingehlisa izinga ngokuhamba kwamabanga amade ngenxa yokuncipha (ukulahlekelwa amandla esiginali). Ama-repeaters noma ama-amplifiers asetshenziselwa ukuvuselela nokuthuthukisa amasignali optical ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kwawo.
• Ukushintsha namarutha: Lawa madivayisi enethiwekhi anesibopho sokuqondisa ukuhamba kwedatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ye-fiber optic. Amaswishi asiza ukuxhumana phakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo, kuyilapho amarutha anika amandla ukushintshana kwedatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene. Basiza ukuphatha ithrafikhi futhi baqinisekise ukudluliswa kwedatha okusebenzayo.
• Izindlela zokuvikela: Amanethiwekhi e-Fiber optic angase ahlanganise izindlela zokuvikela ezihlukahlukene njengemizila engasanele, amandla ayisipele, nokugcinwa kwedatha okuyisipele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala okuphezulu nokuthembeka kwedatha. Lezi zindlela zisiza ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwenethiwekhi futhi zivikele ekulahlekeni kwedatha esimweni sokwehluleka noma ukuphazamiseka.
• Izinto zokuhlola ezifana nama-OTDR kanye namamitha wamandla okubona zikala ukusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa kwesignali efanele. Ama-OTDR aqinisekisa ukufakwa kwekhebula futhi athole izinkinga. Amamitha kagesi ahlola ukulahleka ekuxhumekeni. Imikhiqizo yokuphathwa kwengqalasizinda isiza ekubhalweni, ekulebulani, ekuhleleni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga.   

 

Lezi zingxenye zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zenze ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ye-fiber optic eqinile futhi enesivinini esikhulu, evumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okushesha nokuthembekile ngokuhamba amabanga amade.

 

Ukuhlanganisa izingxenye kanye nokufakwa okufanele, ukunqanyulwa, ukuhlanganisa kanye namasu okuchibiyela kwenza ukudluliselwa kwesignali yokubona idatha, izwi nevidiyo kuwo wonke amakhampasi, izakhiwo kanye nemishini yenethiwekhi. Ukuqonda izidingo zezilinganiso zedatha, isabelomali sokulahlekelwa, ukukhula, nendawo inquma inhlanganisela edingekayo yamakhebuli, ukuxhumeka, ukuhlola nezivalo zanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza lenethiwekhi. 

Izinketho ze-Fiber Optic Cable  

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zihlinzeka ngendawo yokudlulisela ebonakalayo yokuhambisa amasignali abonakalayo kumabanga amafushane ukuya kumade. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo zokuxhuma imishini yokuxhumana, amadivaysi amaklayenti, nengqalasizinda yezokuxhumana. Izinto ezifana nemvelo yokufaka, imodi yefayibha nokubala, izinhlobo zezixhumi, namazinga edatha azonquma ukuthi iluphi ukwakhiwa kwekhebula le-fiber optic olulungele uhlelo ngalunye.  

 

Amakhebula e-Copper afana ne-CAT5E Data Copper Cable noma i-CAT6 Data Copper Cable aqukethe ama-fiber strands ahlanganiswe namapheya ethusi, awusizo lapho kokubili uxhumano lwe-fiber nethusi ludingeka ekusebenzeni kwekhebula eyodwa. Izinketho zifaka intambo ye-simplex/zip, i-duplex, izintambo zokusabalalisa kanye ne-breakout.

 

Amakhebuli Ahlomile ahlanganisa izinto ezihlukahlukene zokuqinisa ukuze zivikeleke emonakalweni noma ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu. Izinhlobo zifaka ikhebula le-Armored le-Stranded Loose Tube Non-metallic Strength Member (I-GYFTA53) noma Ikhebula Le-Stranded Loose Tube Light-armored (I-GYTS/GYTA) enamashubhu agcwele ijeli kanye neziqinisekiso zensimbi zokusetshenziswa kwekhampasi. Izivikelo ezihlanganisiwe noma itheyiphu yensimbi enothayela ihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okwedlulele kwamagundane/umbani.  

 

Drop Cables asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kokugcina ukusuka ekusabalaliseni kuya ezindaweni. Izinketho ezifana nekhebula lokudonsa elizisekelayo (I-GJYXFCH) noma Ikhebuli yokudonsa yohlobo lomnsalo (GJXFH) azidingi ukwesekwa kwe-strand. Ikhebuli yokudonsa yohlobo lwe-Strenath Bow (I-GJXFA) iqinise amalungu aqinile. Intambo yokudonsa yohlobo lomnsalo yomzila (I-GJYXFHS) ukuze kufakwe umsele. Izinketho zasemoyeni zihlanganisa Ikhebula Lomfanekiso 8 (GYTC8A) noma Yonke Ikhebula Le-Dielectric Self-supporting Aerial (I-ADSS).

 

Ezinye izinketho zokusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi zifaka ikhebula le-Unitube Light-armored Cable (I-GYXS/GYXTW), Ikhebula elincane le-Unitube Non-metallic (I-JET) noma ikhebula elingeyona I-Armored Ilungu Le-Stranded Loose tube Non-metallic Strength (GYFTY). Izintambo ze-Hybrid fibre optic ziqukethe i-fiber nethusi ejazini elilodwa. 

 

Ukukhetha ikhebula le-fiber optic njengekhebula lokudonsa elizisekelayo le-Bow (GJYXFCH) kuqala ngokunquma indlela yokufaka, indawo ezungezile, uhlobo lwefayibha nokubala okudingekayo. Ukucaciswa kokwakhiwa kwekhebula, isilinganiso somlilo/ukuphahlazeka, uhlobo lwesixhumi, nokudonsa kanzima kufanele kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kanye nomzila. 

 

Ukuthunyelwa okufanele, ukunqanyulwa, ukuhlanganisa, ukufakwa, nokuhlolwa kwezintambo ze-fiber optic ngochwepheshe abaqinisekisiwe kunika amandla ukudluliswa komkhawulokudonsa ophezulu phezu kwe-FTTx, i-metro kanye namanethiwekhi amade. Okusha okusha kuthuthukisa ukuxhumeka kwefayibha, kukhuphula ukuminyana kwefayibha ezintamboni eziyinhlanganisela ezincane, ezinganaki ukugoba ngokuzayo.

  

Amakhebula eHybrid aqukethe womabili amapheya ethusi nemicu yefayibha kubhantshi eyodwa ezinhlelweni ezidinga izwi, idatha, nokuxhumeka kwesivinini esikhulu. Izibalo zethusi/zefayibha ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezidingo. Isetshenziselwa ukwehlisa ukufakwa kuma-MDU, izibhedlela, izikole lapho kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ikhebula elilodwa kuphela.

 

Ezinye izinketho ezifana ne-figure-8 kanye nezintambo zasemoyeni eziyindilinga ziyi-all-dielectric noma zinamalungu anamandla e-fiberglass/polymer okufakwa emoyeni okungadingi iziqinisekiso zensimbi. Amashubhu axegayo, umgogodla omaphakathi kanye nemiklamo yekhebula yefayibha yeribhoni ingase isetshenziswe.

 

Ukukhetha ikhebula le-fiber optic kuqala ngokunquma indawo yokufaka nezinga lokuvikela elidingekayo, bese kuba isibalo sefayibha kanye nohlobo oludingekayo ukuze kusekelwe kokubili izimfuno zomkhawulokudonsa zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Izinhlobo zezixhumi, ukwakhiwa kwekhebula, isilinganiso selangabi, isilinganiso sokuchoboza/somthelela, kanye nemininingwane yokudonsa kanzima kufanele ihambisane nomzila ohlosiwe nokusetshenziswa. Ukukhetha umkhiqizi wekhebula onedumela elihle, elithobela izindinganiso kanye nokuqinisekisa zonke izici zokusebenza kukalwe ngokufanelekile endaweni yokufaka kuzoqinisekisa ingqalasizinda yefayibha eyikhwalithi enokudluliselwa kwesignali okuphelele. 

 

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zinikeza isisekelo sokwakha amanethiwekhi efayibha esivinini esikhulu kodwa adinga ochwepheshe abanekhono nabagunyaziwe ukuze banqanyulwe kahle, bahlanganise, bafake, bahlolwe. Uma isetshenziswa ngezingxenye zekhwalithi zokuxhuma kwingqalasizinda eklanywe kahle, izintambo ze-fiber optic zinika amandla ukudluliswa komkhawulokudonsa ophezulu ngamanethiwekhi e-metro, amahall eside kanye ne-FTTx aguqula ukuxhumana kwedatha, yezwi, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zevidiyo emhlabeni wonke. Izinqubo ezintsha ezizungeze izintambo ezincane, ukuminyana okuphezulu kwefayibha, imiklamo eyinhlanganisela, namafayibha angezwani nokugoba kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana kwefayibha esikhathini esizayo.

 

Ungase Futhi Ube Nentshisekelo:

 

• Ukungenisa amakhebuli e-Fiber Optic evela e-China: Ukwenza kanjani namathiphu ahamba phambili
• 4 Abakhiqizi Bekhebula Be-Fiber Optic Abangcono Kakhulu eTurkey abangabalandela
• Abahlinzeki bekhebula be-Fiber Optic abaphezulu aba-5 e-Philippines
• Abakhiqizi Abaphezulu Abangu-5 Bekhebula Le-Fiber Optic eMalaysia

Ukuxhumana kwe-Fiber Optic

Izingxenye zokuxhuma zihlinzeka ngezindlela zokuxhumanisa ikhebula ye-fiber optic nemishini yenethiwekhi nokudala ukuxhuma kweziqephu ngamaphaneli namakhasethi. Izinketho zezixhumi, ama-adaptha, izintambo zokuchibiyela, ama-bulkheads, namaphaneli okuchibiyela anika amandla izixhumanisi phakathi kwezinto zokusebenza futhi avumele ukulungiswa kabusha kungqalasizinda yefayibha njengoba kudingeka. Ukukhetha ukuxhumeka kudinga izinhlobo zezixhumi ezifanayo nezinhlobo zomucu wekhebula nezimbobo zemishini, ukucaciswa kokulahleka nokuqina ezidingweni zenethiwekhi, nezidingo zokufakwa.

 

Izixhumi: Izixhumi zinqamula izintambo zefiber ukuze zibhangqwe izintambo ezimbotsheni zemishini noma kwezinye izintambo. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile yilezi:

 

• I-LC (Isixhumi seLucent): 1.25mm i-zirconia ferrule. Okwamaphaneli okuchibiyela, iziguquli zemidiya, ama-transceivers. Ukulahlekelwa okuphansi nokunemba okuphezulu. Ihlanganiswe nezixhumi ze-LC. 
• I-SC (Isixhumi Sokubhalisa): 2.5 mm intambo. Iqinile, yezixhumanisi ezinde. Ihlanganiswe nezixhumi ze-SC. Okwamanethiwekhi ekhampasi, i-telco, izimboni.
• ST (Ithiphu eqondile): 2.5 mm intambo. Iziqeshana ze-Simplex noma ze-duplex ziyatholakala. Telco standard kodwa ukulahlekelwa okuthile. Kuhlanganiswe nezixhumi ze-ST. 
• I-MPO (I-Multi-fiber Push On): Isixhumi sowesilisa se-ribbon fibre ye-parallel optics. Izinketho ze-12-fiber noma 24-fiber. Ukuze uthole ukuminyana okuphezulu, izikhungo zedatha, i-40G/100G Ethernet. Ihlanganiswe nezixhumi zabesifazane be-MPO. 
• I-MTP - Ukuhluka kwe-MPO nge-US Conec. Ihambisana ne-MPO.
• I-SMA (Incanyana A): 2.5 mm intambo. Okokusebenza kokuhlola, izinsimbi, izisetshenziswa zezokwelapha. Akuvamile ukusetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi edatha.

 

Funda Futhi: Umhlahlandlela ophelele wezixhumi ze-Fiber Optic

 

Ama-Bulkheads afakwa kuzinto zokusebenza, amaphaneli, nezindawo zokukhipha udonga ukuze kuxhunywe izixhumi ngokuphephile. Izinketho zifaka phakathi i-simplex, i-duplex, i-array noma ukulungiselelwa ngokwezifiso ezinezimbobo zokuxhuma zabesifazane ukuze zihlangane nezintambo zokuchibiyela noma izintambo ze-jumper zohlobo lwesixhumi esifanayo.

 

Ama-adaptha ahlanganisa izixhumi ezimbili zohlobo olufanayo. Ukucushwa kuyi-simplex, i-duplex, i-MPO, kanye nesiko lokuminyana okuphezulu. Faka amaphaneli e-fiber patch, amafreyimu okusabalalisa, noma izindlu ze-wall outlet ukuze wenze kube lula ukuxhumanisa nokulungisa kabusha. 

 

Ama-Patch Cords anqanyulwe kusengaphambili nezixhumi adala izixhumanisi zesikhashana phakathi kwezinto zokusebenza noma ngaphakathi kwamaphaneli okuchibiyela. Itholakala nge-singlemode, izintambo ze-multimode noma eziyinhlanganisela kububanzi obuhlukahlukene. Ubude obujwayelekile busuka ku-0.5 kuye ku-5 wamamitha nobude obungokwezifiso uma buceliwe. Khetha uhlobo lwefayibha, izinhlobo zokwakha kanye nezixhumi ukuze uhambisane nezidingo zokufaka. 

 

Amaphaneli e-Patch ahlinzeka ngoxhumano lwezintambo zefayibha endaweni emaphakathi, okuvumela ukuxhuma okuphambanayo nokunyakaza/kwengeza/ushintsho. Izinketho zifaka:

 

• Amaphaneli ajwayelekile: 1U ukuya ku-4U, bamba amafayibha angu-12 ukuya kwangu-96 noma ngaphezulu. Izinketho ze-adaptha ye-LC, SC, MPO. Okwezikhungo zedatha, ukuxhumana kokwakha. 
• Amaphaneli ama-angled patch: Kuyafana nokujwayelekile kodwa ku-engeli engu-45° ngokubonakala/ukufinyeleleka. 
• Amakhasethi e-MPO/MTP: Shelelisela kumaphaneli okuchibiyela angu-1U ukuya kwangu-4U. Ngayinye iphethe izixhumi ze-MPO ze-fiber eziyi-12 ukuze ziphume zibe imicu ngayinye enama-adaptha e-LC/SC noma ukuxhuma amahhanisi amaningi e-MPO/MTP. Ukuminyana okuphezulu, kwe-40G/100G Ethernet. 
• Ama-racks namafreyimu okusabalalisa i-fiber: Izigxivizo ezinkulu, isibalo sembobo esiphezulu kunamaphaneli okuchibiyela. Ngokuxhumanisa okuyinhloko, amahhovisi amaphakathi e-telco/ISP.

 

I-fiber ifaka amaphaneli e-patch yendlu, ukuphathwa kwe-splice kanye namathreyi e-splice. I-Rackmount, i-wallmount kanye nezinketho ezizimele ezinezibalo zembobo/unyawo oluhlukahlukene. Izinguqulo ezilawulwa ngokwemvelo noma ezingalawulwa. Nikeza inhlangano kanye nokuvikela ukuxhumana kwe-fiber. 

 

Amahhanisi e-MTP/MPO (iziqu) ajoyina izixhumi ze-MPO ukuze zidluliselwe ngokufanayo kuzixhumanisi zenethiwekhi ezingama-40/100G. Izinketho zowesifazane kuya kowesifazane kanye nowesifazane kuya kowesilisa ezinokwakhiwa kwe-fiber engu-12 noma engu-24.

 

Ukusatshalaliswa okufanele kwezingxenye zokuxhuma zekhwalithi ngochwepheshe abanamakhono kuyisihluthulelo ekusebenzeni okuhle nokuthembeka kumanethiwekhi e-fiber. Ukukhetha izingxenye ezihambisana nezidingo zokufakwa kanye nemishini yenethiwekhi kuzonika amandla ingqalasizinda enokuminyana okuphezulu ngosekelo lwefa nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezivelayo. Ukuqamba okusha okuzungeze izici zamafomu amancane, ukuminyana okuphezulu kwefayibha/isixhumi kanye namanethiwekhi asheshayo kukhulisa izimfuneko zokuxhunywa kwefayibha, okudinga izixazululo ezingaka nemiklamo eguquguqukayo. 

 

Ukuxhumana kumele isisekelo sokwakha amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic, okuvumela ukuxhumana phakathi kokugijima kwekhebula, ukuxhuma okuphambanayo, nezisetshenziswa zokuxhumana. Imininingwane emayelana nokulahlekelwa, ukuqina, ukuminyana, kanye namazinga edatha inquma inhlanganisela efanele yezixhumi, ama-adaptha, izintambo zokuhlanganisa, amaphaneli, namahhanisi okudala izixhumanisi zefayibha ezizokhula ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zomkhawulokudonsa zesikhathi esizayo.

I-Fiber Optic Distribution Systems

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zidinga izivalo, amakhabethe namafreyimu ukuze ahlele, avikele futhi anikeze ukufinyelela emicu yefiber. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zesistimu yokusabalalisa i-fiber zihlanganisa:

 

1. Izinhlobo ze-fiber - Amabhokisi amelana nesimo sezulu abekwe eduze komzila wekhebula oya endlini yezinsimbi, isitoreji sekhebula elixegayo, kanye nezindawo zokunqamula noma zokufinyelela. Okuvalekile kuvikela izakhi ekulimaleni kwemvelo kuyilapho zivumela ukufinyelela okuqhubekayo. Izivalo ze-Wall Mount kanye ne-pole Mount zivamile. 
2. Amakhabethe okusabalalisa i-fiber - Amakhabhinethi aqukethe amaphaneli okuxhumana e-fiber optic, amathreyi ahlanganisayo, isitoreji sefayibha exegayo, kanye nezintambo zokuhlanganisa zephoyinti lokuxhuma. Amakhabethe ayatholakala njengamayunithi angaphakathi noma angaphandle/aqinile. Amakhabethe angaphandle ahlinzeka ngendawo ezinzile yemishini ebucayi ezimweni ezinzima.
3. Amafreyimu okusabalalisa amafayibha - Amayunithi okusabalalisa amakhudlwana aqukethe amaphaneli e-fiber patch amaningi, ukuphathwa kwekhebula eqondile nelivundlile, amakhabethe e-splice, kanye nekhebula yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumanisa okuxhumeke kakhulu kwe-fiber. Ozimele bokusabalalisa basekela umgogodla nezikhungo zedatha.
4. Amaphaneli we-fiber patch - Amaphaneli aqukethe ama-adaptha efayibha amaningi okunqamula imicu yentambo yefayibha kanye nezintambo zokuxhuma. Amaphaneli alayishiwe ashelela emakhabetheni efayibha namafreyimu okuxhumanisa nokusabalaliswa kwefayibha. Amaphaneli e-adaptha namaphaneli ekhasethi yizinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile.  
5. Hlanganisa amathreyi - Amathreyi e-modular ahlela izingxenyana zefayibha ngayinye ukuze zivikeleke futhi zigcinwe. Amathreyi amaningi afakwe kumakhabethe e-fiber kanye namafreyimu. Amathreyi e-splice avumela i-fiber eyeqile ukuthi ihlale ngemva kokuhlanganisa ukuze uhambise/ungeze/ushintshe ukuguquguquka ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda. 
6. Slack spools - Ama-spools azungezayo noma ama-reel afakwe kumayunithi okusabalalisa ifayibha ukuze kugcinwe ubude bekhebula lefayibha eyeqile noma eyisipele. Ama-slack spools avimbela i-fiber ukuthi idlule i-radius egobile, ngisho nalapho uzulazula ezindaweni eziqinile zokuvalekile namakhabethe. 
7. Patch izintambo - Ubude be-fiber cordage bunqanyulwe unomphela kuzo zombili iziphetho ngezixhumi ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuxhumana okuguquguqukayo phakathi kwamaphaneli okuchibiyela, izimbobo zemishini, nezinye izindawo zokuqeda. Izintambo zokuhlanganisa zivumela izinguquko ezisheshayo kuzixhumanisi zefayibha lapho kudingeka. 

 

Izingxenye zokuxhuma ze-Fiber optic kanye nezivalo zokuzivikela namakhabethe zakha uhlelo oludidiyelwe lokusabalalisa i-fiber kuyo yonke imishini yenethiwekhi, abasebenzisi, nezinsiza. Lapho uklama amanethiwekhi efiber, abahlanganisi kufanele bacabangele izidingo ezigcwele zengqalasizinda ngaphezu kwentambo ye-fiber optic ngokwayo. Uhlelo lokusabalalisa oluhlome ngokufanelekile lusekela ukusebenza kwefayibha, lunikeza ukufinyelela nokuvumelana nezimo, futhi lunwebe isikhathi eside samanethiwekhi efiber. 

Izicelo zeFiber Optic Cables 

Amanethiwekhi e-Fiber optic abe umgogodla wezinhlelo zokuxhumana zesimanje, ezihlinzeka ngokudluliswa kwedatha ngesivinini esikhulu kanye nokuxhumana emikhakheni eminingi.

 

Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo ze-fiber optic kungqalasizinda yezokuxhumana. Amanethiwekhi e-Fiber optic anikeze amandla ukuxhumeka kwe-broadband enesivinini esikhulu ku-inthanethi nesevisi yocingo emhlabeni jikelele. Umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu wezintambo ze-fiber optic uvumela ukudluliswa kwezwi, idatha, nevidiyo ngokushesha. Izinkampani ezinkulu zezokuxhumana zitshale imali eningi ekwakheni amanethiwekhi omhlaba e-fiber optic.

 

Izinzwa ze-fiber optic zinokusetshenziswa okuningi kwezokwelapha nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Angahlanganiswa namathuluzi okuhlinza ukuze anikeze ukunemba okuthuthukisiwe, ukubona ngeso, nokulawula. Izinzwa ze-fiber optic nazo zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha izimpawu ezibalulekile zeziguli ezigula kakhulu futhi zingathola izinguquko ezingabonakali ezinzwa zomuntu. Odokotela baphenya ngokusebenzisa izinzwa ze-fiber optic ukuthola izifo ngaphandle kokuhlasela ngokuhlaziya izici zokukhanya ezihamba ngezicubu zeziguli.

 

Amasosha asebenzisa izintambo ze-fiber optic ukuxhumana okuphephile nobuchwepheshe benzwa. Izindiza nezimoto zivame ukusebenzisa i-fiber optics ukunciphisa isisindo kanye nokuphazanyiswa kukagesi. I-Fiber optic gyroscopes inikeza idatha enembile yokuzulazula yezinhlelo zokuqondisa. Amasosha aphinde asebenzise inzwa ye-fiber optic esabalalisiwe ukuze igade izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba noma izakhiwo nganoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okungabonisa umsebenzi wesitha noma ukulimala kwesakhiwo. Amanye amajethi okulwa namasistimu ezikhali athuthukisiwe ancike kuma-fiber optics. 

 

Ukukhanyisa kwe-fiber optic kusebenzisa izintambo ze-fiber optic ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlobisa njengokukhanya kwemizwa ezindlini noma izibani ezikhanyayo kumamnyuziyamu. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuwonga amandla kungashintshwa kube imibala ehlukene, umumo, neminye imiphumela kusetshenziswa izihlungi namalensi. Ukukhanyisa kwe-fiber optic nakho kukhiqiza ukushisa okuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okujwayelekile, kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa, futhi kuphila isikhathi eside kakhulu.    

 

Ukuqapha impilo yesakhiwo kusebenzisa izinzwa ze-fiber optic ukuze kutholwe izinguquko noma umonakalo ezakhiweni, amabhuloho, amadamu, imigudu, nezinye izingqalasizinda. Izinzwa zingakala ukudlidliza, imisindo, ukuhluka kwezinga lokushisa, nokunyakaza kwamaminithi okungabonakali kubahloli abangabantu ukuze kuhlonzwe izinkinga ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokwehluleka ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuqapha kuhloswe ukwenza ngcono ukuphepha komphakathi ngokuvimbela ukuwa kwesakhiwo okuyinhlekelele. Izinzwa ze-Fiber optic zilungele lolu hlelo lokusebenza ngenxa yokunemba kwazo, ukuntula ukuphazamiseka, nokumelana nezinto zemvelo njengokugqwala.     

Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezishiwo ngenhla, kunezinye izimo eziningi zokusetshenziswa lapho i-fiber optics ihamba phambili ezimbonini nasezilungiselelweni ezahlukahlukene, njenge:

 

• Inethiwekhi yekhampasi yokusabalalisa
• Inethiwekhi yesikhungo sedatha
• Inethiwekhi ye-fiber yezimboni
• I-Fiber to the antenna (FTTA)
• FTTx amanethiwekhi
• Amanethiwekhi angenantambo we-5G
• Amanethiwekhi ezokuxhumana
• Amanethiwekhi e-TV yekhebula
• njll

 

Uma ungathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe, welcom ukuvakashela lesi sihloko: I-Fiber Optic Cable Applications: Uhlu Olugcwele & Chaza (2023)

Izintambo Ze-Fiber Optic vs. Izintambo Zethusi 

Izintambo ze-Fiber optic zinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile phezu kwezintambo zethusi zendabuko yokudlulisa ulwazi. Izinzuzo eziphawuleka kakhulu umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu kanye nesivinini esisheshayo. Izintambo zokudlulisa i-Fiber optic ziyakwazi ukuthwala idatha eningi kunezintambo zethusi ezinosayizi ofanayo. Intambo eyodwa ye-fiber optic ingadlulisela ama-Terabits ambalwa edatha ngomzuzwana, okuwumkhawulokudonsa owanele ukusakaza izinkulungwane zamamuvi anencazelo ephezulu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lawa makhono avumela i-fiber optics ukuthi ihlangabezane nezidingo ezikhulayo zedatha, izwi, nokuxhumana kwevidiyo.

 

Izintambo ze-Fiber optic nazo zinika amandla ukuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi okusheshayo kanye nesivinini sokulanda samakhaya namabhizinisi. Nakuba izintambo zethusi zilinganiselwe ngesivinini sokulanda esiphezulu esingaba ngu-100 Megabits ngomzuzwana, uxhumo lwe-fiber optic lungadlula amaGigabhithi angu-2 ngomzuzwana wesevisi yendawo yokuhlala - ngokushesha izikhathi ezingu-20. I-Fiber Optics yenze ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi kwe-broadband esheshayo kutholakale kabanzi ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. 

 

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zilula, zihlangene kakhulu, zihlala isikhathi eside, futhi zimelana nesimo sezulu kunezintambo zethusi. Azithintwa ukuphazanyiswa yi-electromagnetic futhi azidingi ukukhushulwa kwesignali ukuze zidluliselwe amabanga amade. Amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic nawo anempilo ewusizo engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25, isikhathi eside kakhulu kunamanethiwekhi ethusi adinga ukushintshwa ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10-15. Ngenxa yemvelo yawo engaqhubi nengashi, izintambo ze-fiber optic ziletha izingozi ezimbalwa zokuphepha nezomlilo.

 

Nakuba izintambo ze-fiber optic zivame ukuba nezindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili, zivame ukuhlinzeka ngokulondoloza impilo yonke yenethiwekhi ekunakekeleni okuncishisiwe nezindleko zokusebenza kanye nokuthembeka okukhulu. Izindleko zezingxenye ze-fiber optic nokuxhumana nazo zehle kakhulu emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, okwenza amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic abe yisinqumo esisebenza ngokwezezimali kuzo zombili izidingo zokuxhumana ezinkulu nezincane. 

 

Kafushane, uma kuqhathaniswa nethusi lendabuko kanye nezinye izindlela zokudlulisela, izintambo ze-fiber optic ziziqhayisa ngezinzuzo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe zokudlulisa ulwazi ngesivinini esikhulu, ibanga elide kanye nomthamo omkhulu kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho nezisebenzayo zamanethiwekhi okuxhumana kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Lezi zimfanelo eziphakeme ziholele ekushintshweni okusabalele kwengqalasizinda yethusi nge-fiber optics kuzo zonke izimboni zobuchwepheshe.  

Ukufakwa kwezintambo ze-Fiber Optic

Ukufaka izintambo ze-fiber optic kudinga ukuphathwa okufanele, ukuhlanganisa, ukuxhuma, nokuhlolwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwesignali nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile. I-Fiber optic splicing ihlanganisa imicu emibili ndawonye ngokuyincibilikisa nokuyihlanganisa iqondaniswe kahle ukuze iqhubeke nokudlulisa ukukhanya. Izinhlayiya zemishini kanye nezinhlayiya zokuhlanganisa izindlela ezimbili ezivamile, ezinezinhlamvu zokuhlanganisa ezihlinzeka ngokulahleka kokukhanya okuphansi. Ama-amplifiers e-Fiber optic nawo asetshenziswa emabangeni amade ukukhulisa isignali ngaphandle kokudinga ukuguqula ukukhanya kubuyisele kusignali kagesi.

 

Izixhumi ze-Fiber optic asetshenziselwa ukuxhuma nokunqamula izintambo lapho kuhlangana khona izinto zokusebenza. Ukufakwa kahle kwezixhumi kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukuboniswa emuva nokulahlekelwa amandla. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zezixhumi ze-fiber optic zifaka i-ST, SC, LC, nezixhumi ze-MPO. Ama-fiber optic transmitters, abamukeli, amaswishi, izihlungi, nezihlukanisi nazo zifakiwe kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic ukuze kuqondiswe futhi kucutshungulwe amasignali okubona.      

 

Ukuphepha kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile lapho ufaka izingxenye ze-fiber optic. Ukukhanya kwe-laser okudluliselwa ngezintambo ze-fiber optic kungabangela ukulimala kwamehlo unomphela. Ukuvikelwa kwamehlo okufanele kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ngokucophelela kufanele kulandelwe. Amakhebuli kufanele avikelwe ngokwanele futhi avikelwe ukuze agweme ukugxamalaza, ukugoba, noma ukuphuka okungenza ikhebula lingasebenziseki. Amakhebuli angaphandle anokufakelwa okwengeziwe okumelana nesimo sezulu kodwa asadinga ukucaciswa okufanele kokufakwa ukuze agweme ukulimala kwemvelo.

 

Ukufakwa kwe-fiber optic kudinga ukuhlanzwa, ukuhlola nokuhlola zonke izingxenye ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Ngisho nokungapheleli okuncane noma ukungcola kuzixhumi, amaphoyinti e-splice, noma amabhantshi ekhebula kungaphazamisa amasignali noma kuvumele ukungena kwezinto ezizungezile. Ukuhlolwa kokulahlekelwa kokubona nokuhlola imitha yamandla kuyo yonke inqubo yokufaka kuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu izosebenza ngamamajini wamandla anele ebangeni nesilinganiso sebhithi esidingekayo.    

 

Ukufaka ingqalasizinda ye-fiber optic kudinga amakhono obuchwepheshe nolwazi ukuze kuqedwe kahle kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukwethembeka okuphezulu futhi kunciphisa izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo. Izinkampani eziningi zobuchwepheshe kanye nosonkontileka abasebenzisa amakhebula banikela ngezinsizakalo zokufaka i-fiber optic ukuze kusingathwe lezi zidingo eziyinselele nezobuchwepheshe zokusetha amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic kokubili ngezinga elikhulu nelincane. Ngamasu afanele nobungcweti, izintambo ze-fiber optic zinganikeza ukudluliswa kwesignali okucacile iminyaka eminingi uma efakwe kahle. 

Inqamula Izintambo Ze-Fiber Optic

Inqamula izintambo ze-fiber optic kuhilela ukunamathisela izixhumi emicu yekhebula ukuze unike amandla izixhumanisi phakathi kwempahla yenethiwekhi noma ngaphakathi kwamaphaneli okuchibiyela. Inqubo yokuqeda idinga ukunemba kanye nendlela efanele ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza ngoxhumo. Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokuqeda zihlanganisa:

 

1. Susa ibhantshi lekhebula nanoma yikuphi ukuqinisa, uveze imicu ye-fiber engenalutho. Linganisa ubude obunembile obudingekayo futhi uvale kabusha ngokuqinile noma iyiphi i-fiber engasetshenzisiwe ukuze ugweme ukuswakama/ukuchayeka okungcolile.  
2. Nquma uhlobo lwefayibha (imodi eyodwa/i-multimode) kanye nokucaciswa kosayizi (SMF-28, OM1, njll.). Khetha izixhumi ezihambisanayo njenge-LC, i-SC, i-ST noma i-MPO eyenzelwe i-singlemode noma i-multimode. Qondanisa amasayizi we-ferrule yesixhumi namadayamitha wefayibha. 
3. Hlanza futhi uhlubule i-fiber ibe ubude obunembile obudingekayo ohlotsheni lwesixhumi. Sika ngokucophelela ugweme ukulimala kwefayibha. Hlanza kabusha i-fiber surface ukuze ususe noma yikuphi ukungcola. 
4. Faka i-epoxy noma i-fibre compoundable (ye-multi-fiber MPO) ebusweni bokugcina be-ferrule. Amabhamuza omoya akufanele abonakale. Ukuze uthole izixhumi ezipholishwe ngaphambilini, vele uhlanze futhi uhlole ubuso bokuphela kwe-ferrule.
5. Faka ngokucophelela i-fiber ku-ferrule yesixhumi ngaphansi kokukhulisa okufanele. I-Ferrule kufanele isekele isiphetho se-fiber ekugcineni kwayo. I-fiber akufanele ivele ebusweni bokugcina.  
6. Yelapha i-epoxy noma inhlanganisela yokupholisha njengoba kuyaliwe. Nge-epoxy, iningi lithatha imizuzu eyi-10-15. Ukwelapha ukushisa noma ukwelapha kwe-UV kungase kudingeke ngokususelwe kumininingwane yomkhiqizo. 
7. Hlola ubuso bokuphela ngaphansi kokukhuliswa okuphezulu ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi i-fiber imaphakathi futhi iphuma kancane ekugcineni kwe-ferrule. Ezixhunyweni ezipholishwe ngaphambilini, vele uhlole kabusha ubuso bokuphela ukuze uthole noma yikuphi ukungcola noma umonakalo ngaphambi kokukhwelana. 
8. Hlola ukunqanyulwa okuqediwe ukuze uqinisekise ukusebenza kahle ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Sebenzisa isihloli sokuqhubeka kwefiber ebuncaneni ukuze uqinisekise ukudluliswa kwesignali ngoxhumo olusha. I-OTDR ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukukala ukulahlekelwa kanye nokuthola noma yiziphi izinkinga. 
9. Gcina izinqubo ezifanele zokuhlanza nokuhlola ubuso bokuphela kwesixhumi ngemva kokukhwelana ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa kwesignali noma ukulinyazwa kwezinto ezingcolile. Ofeleba kufanele bavikele izixhumi ezingalingani. 

 

Ngokuzijwayeza kanye namathuluzi/izinto ezifanele, ukufeza ukunqanyulwa kokulahlekelwa okuncane kuba ngokushesha futhi okungaguquki. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ukunemba okudingekayo, kunconywa ukuthi ochwepheshe befayibha abaqinisekisiwe baqedele ukunqanyulwa kwezixhumanisi zenethiwekhi ezinomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula sesistimu. Amakhono nolwazi lubalulekile ekuxhumekeni kwefayibha. 

Ukuhlanganisa izintambo ze-Fiber Optic

Kumanethiwekhi e-fiber optic, ukuhlanganisa kusho inqubo yokuhlanganisa izintambo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ze-fiber optic ndawonye. Le nqubo ivumela i- ukudluliswa okungenamthungo kwamasignali optical phakathi kwezintambo, okuvumela ukunwetshwa noma ukulungiswa kwamanethiwekhi e-fiber optic. Ukuhlanganisa i-Fiber optic kuvame ukwenziwa lapho kuxhunywa izintambo ezisanda kufakwa, kunwetshwa amanethiwekhi akhona, noma kulungiswa izigaba ezilimele. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile nokusebenza kahle.

 

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa izintambo ze-fiber optic:

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Fusion:

Ukuhlanganisa i-Fusion kufaka ukuhlangana unomphela kwezintambo ezimbili ze-fiber optic ngokuncibilika nokuhlanganisa ubuso bawo basekupheleni. Le nqubo idinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-fusion splicer, umshini okhethekile oqondanisa ngokunembile futhi uncibilikise imicu. Uma isincibilikile, imicu ihlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​yakhe ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo. I-Fusion splicing inikezela ngokulahleka kokufakwa okuphansi kanye nokuzinza okuhle kakhulu kwesikhathi eside, okuyenza ibe indlela ekhethwayo yokuxhumana okusebenza kahle kakhulu.

 

Inqubo ye-fusion splicing ngokuvamile ihilela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

 

• Ukulungiswa kwe-Fiber: Izembatho zokuzivikela zemicu ziyasuswa, futhi imicu engenalutho iyahlanzwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo ezifanele zokuhlanganisa.
• Ukuqondanisa I-Fiber: I-fusion splicer iqondanisa imicu ngokuqondanisa ngokunembile ama-cores, ukuvala, nama-coatings.
• I-Fiber Fusion: I-splicer yenza i-arc kagesi noma i-laser beam ukuze incibilike futhi ihlanganise imicu ndawonye.
• Ukuvikelwa kwezingxenye: Umkhono ovikelayo noma indawo evalekile isetshenziswa endaweni ehlanganisiwe ukuze kunikeze amandla okusebenza futhi kuvikelwe i-splice ezicini zemvelo.

2. I-Mechanical Splicing:

Ukuhlanganisa ngomshini kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izintambo ze-fiber optic kusetshenziswa amadivaysi okuqondanisa emishini noma izixhumi. Ngokungafani ne-fusion splicing, ukuhlanganisa ngomshini akuncibiliki futhi kuhlanganise imicu ndawonye. Esikhundleni salokho, incike ekuqondaneni okunembayo nezixhumi ezibonakalayo ukuze kusungulwe ukuqhubeka kokubona. Izinsimbi zemishini ngokuvamile zifanele ukulungiswa kwesikhashana noma okusheshayo, njengoba zinikeza ukulahleka kokufakwa okuphakeme kancane futhi kungase kube namandla amancane kunezinhlayiya zokuhlanganisa.

 

Inqubo yokuhlukanisa ngomshini ngokuvamile ihlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

 

• Ukulungiswa kwe-Fiber: Imicu ilungiselelwa ngokuhlubula izivikelo eziyisivikelo futhi ziklebhuke ukuze kutholwe ubuso obuyisicaba, obunama-perpendicular.
• Ukuqondanisa I-Fiber: Imicu iqondaniswe ngokunembile futhi ibanjwe ndawonye kusetshenziswa amadivaysi okuqondanisa, imikhono ehlanganisayo, noma izixhumi.
• Ukuvikelwa kwezingxenye: Ngokufana nokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa, umkhono ovikelayo noma indawo evalekile isetshenziselwa ukuvikela isifunda esihlukene ezintweni zangaphandle.

 

Kokubili i-fusion splicing kanye ne-mechanical splicing kunezinzuzo zakho nokusebenza okusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile zenethiwekhi ye-fiber optic. I-Fusion splicing ihlinzeka ngoxhumano oluhlala njalo noluthembekile ngokulahlekelwa okuphansi kokufaka, okuyenza ilungele ukufakwa kwesikhathi eside nokuxhumana ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlanganisa ngomshini kunikeza isixazululo esisheshayo nesiguquguqukayo soxhumano lwesikhashana noma izimo lapho izinguquko ezivamile noma ukuthuthukiswa kulindeleke.

 

Kafushane, ukuhlanganisa izintambo ze-fiber optic kuyindlela ebalulekile yokwandisa, ukulungisa, noma ukuxhuma amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic. Ukuthi kusetshenziswa i-fusion splicing ukuze kuxhunywe unomphela noma ukuhlanganisa kwemishini ukuze kulungiswe isikhashana, lezi zindlela ziqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwamasignali okukhanya okungenamthungo, okuvumela ukuxhumana kwedatha okuphumelelayo nokuthembekile ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene. 

Indoor vs Outdoor Fiber Optic Cables

1. Ziyini izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini nokuthi Zisebenza kanjani

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo noma izindawo ezivaliwe. Lawa makhebuli adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ukudluliswa kwedatha okunesivinini esikhulu nokuxhumana ngaphakathi kwengqalasizinda efana namahhovisi, izikhungo zedatha, nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Nawa amanye amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwacabangele lapho uxoxa ngezintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini:

 

• Ukuklama nokwakha: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini ziklanyelwe ukuthi zibe lula, ziguquke, futhi zibe lula ukuzifaka endaweni yasendlini. Ngokuvamile ahlanganisa i-central core, i-cladding, nejakhethi yangaphandle evikelayo. Ingqikithi, eyenziwe ngengilazi noma ngepulasitiki, ivumela ukudluliswa kwezimpawu zokukhanya, kuyilapho ukuvala kusiza ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesignali ngokubonisa ukukhanya kubuyele phakathi. Ijazi langaphandle linikeza isivikelo emonakalweni womzimba kanye nezici zemvelo.
• Izinhlobo zezintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini: Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini ezitholakalayo, okuhlanganisa izintambo ezivalwe ngokuqinile, izintambo ezixegayo, nezintambo zeribhoni. Izintambo ezinebhafa eziqinile zinokunamathela ngokuqondile phezu kwezintambo zefayibha, okuzenza zifaneleke kakhulu ekufakweni kwebanga elifushane kanye nokufakwa endlini. Izintambo zamashubhu axegayo zinamashubhu agcwele ijeli amboze imicu yefayibha, enikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle nangaphakathi/zangaphandle. Izintambo zamaribhoni ziqukethe izintambo eziningi zefibre ezistakwe ndawonye ekucushweni okunjengeribhoni eliyisicaba, okuvumela ukubalwa kwefayibha ephezulu ngendlela ehlangene.
• Izicelo: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo. Avame ukusetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi endawo (ama-LAN) ukuze axhume amakhompyutha, amaseva, namanye amadivaysi enethiwekhi. Bavumela ukudluliswa kwedatha ephezulu yomkhawulokudonsa, njengokusakazwa kwevidiyo, i-cloud computing, nokudluliswa kwamafayela amakhulu, nge-latency encane. Izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini nazo zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zekhebula ezihlelekile ukuze zisekele ezokuxhumana, ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi, nezinsizakalo zezwi.
• Izinzuzo: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ngaphezu kwezintambo zethusi zendabuko. Banomthamo womkhawulokudonsa ophezulu kakhulu, ovumela isivinini esikhulu sokudlulisa idatha kanye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi okuthuthukisiwe. Abakwazi ukuphazanyiswa yi-electromagnetic interference (EMI) kanye ne-radio frequency interference (RFI) njengoba bedlulisa amasignali okukhanya esikhundleni samasignali kagesi. Izintambo ze-fiber optic nazo zivikeleke kakhulu, njengoba kunzima ukungena kuzo noma ukunqamula ngaphandle kokubangela ukulahleka kwesignali okubonakalayo.
• Imicabango yokufaka: Izindlela zokufaka ezifanele zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini. Kubalulekile ukuphatha izintambo ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme ukugoba noma ukusonteka ngale kwe-radius enconyiwe yokugoba. Izindawo ezihlanzekile nezingenalo uthuli zikhethwa ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokugcinwa, njengoba ukungcola kungathinta ikhwalithi yesignali. Ukwengeza, ukuphathwa kwekhebula ngendlela efanele, okuhlanganisa umzila, ukulebula, nokuvikela izintambo, kuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa nokukhula kalula.

 

Sekukonke, izintambo ze-fiber optic zasendlini zihlinzeka ngendlela enokwethenjelwa nephumelelayo yokudlulisa idatha ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, ezisekela isidingo esihlala sikhula sokuxhuma ngesivinini esikhulu ezindaweni zesimanje.

2. Ziyini izintambo zangaphandle ze-fiber optic nokuthi Zisebenza kanjani

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle zenzelwe uku ukumelana nezimo zemvelo ezinzima kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile kumabanga amade. Lawa makhebuli asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuxhuma ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi phakathi kwezakhiwo, amakhampasi, noma ezindaweni eziningi. Nawa amanye amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwacabangele lapho uxoxa ngezintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle:

 

• Ukwakhiwa nokuvikela: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle zenziwe ngezinto eziqinile nezingqimba ezivikelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumelana kwazo nezinto ezizungezile. Ngokuvamile ahlanganisa i-central core, ukuvala, amashubhu ebhafa, amalungu amandla, nejakhethi yangaphandle. I-core kanye ne-cladding yenziwe ngengilazi noma ipulasitiki ukuze unike amandla ukudluliswa kwezimpawu zokukhanya. Amashubhu e-buffer avikela imicu yefayibha ngayinye futhi angagcwaliswa ngejeli noma izinto ezivimba amanzi ukuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi. Amalungu aqinile, njengezintambo ze-aramid noma izinti ze-fiberglass, ahlinzeka ngokusekela komshini, futhi ibhantshi elingaphandle livikela ikhebula emisebeni ye-UV, umswakama, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokulimala ngokomzimba.
• Izinhlobo zezintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle: Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle ezitholakalayo ukuze zivumelane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zokufaka. Izintambo zamashubhu axegayo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukufakwa ngaphandle kwebanga elide. Anemicu yefiber ngayinye ebekwe ngaphakathi kwamashubhu ebhafa ukuze avikeleke kumswakama kanye nezingcindezi zemishini. Izintambo zamaribhoni, afana nozakwabo basendlini, aqukethe imicu yefibre eminingi enqwabelene ekucushweni kweribhoni eyisicaba, okuvumela ukuminyana okuphezulu kwefayibha kufomu elihlangene. Izintambo zasemoyeni zenzelwe ukufakwa ezigxotsheni, kuyilapho izintambo zokungcwaba eziqondile zenzelwe ukugqitshwa ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kwesidingo somsele wokuzivikela owengeziwe.
• Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokufaka ngaphandle: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle zisatshalaliswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi ezokuxhumana amade, amanethiwekhi endawo yedolobha elikhulu (MANs), kanye nokuthunyelwa kwe-fiber-to-the-home (FTTH). Zihlinzeka ngoxhumano phakathi kwezakhiwo, amakhampasi, nezikhungo zedatha, futhi zingase zisetshenziselwe ukuxhumanisa izindawo ezikude noma ukusungula ukuxhumeka kokubuyisela emuva komthamo omkhulu wamanethiwekhi angenantambo. Izintambo zangaphandle ze-fiber optic zinika amandla ukudluliswa kwedatha ngesivinini esikhulu, ukusakazwa kwevidiyo, nokufinyelela ku-inthanethi kumabanga abanzi.
• Ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle kufanele zimelane nezinselele ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Zenzelwe ukumelana nezinga lokushisa elidlulele, umswakama, imisebe ye-UV, namakhemikhali. Akhiwe ngokukhethekile ukuze abe namandla aqinile okuqina kanye nokumelana nemithelela, ukuhuzuka, nokulimala kwamagundane. Izintambo ezikhethekile zezikhali ezivikelayo noma izintambo zasemoyeni ezinezintambo zezithunywa zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezithambekele ekucindezelekeni ngokomzimba noma lapho ukufakwa kungase kuhlanganise ukumiswa phezulu ezigxotsheni.
• Ukunakekela nokulungisa: Izintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle zidinga ukuhlolwa nokunakekelwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle. Ukuhlanza njalo nokuhlolwa kwezixhumi, izinhlaka, kanye nezindawo zokuqeda kubalulekile. Izinyathelo zokuzivikela, ezinjengokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukungena kwamanzi kanye nokuqapha ukulahleka kwesignali, kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kutholwe noma yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona. Esimeni sokulimala kwekhebula, izinqubo zokulungisa ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa noma ukuhlanganisa ngomshini kungase kusetshenziswe ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuqhubeka kwe-optical fiber.

 

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphandle zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi okuqinile nokuthembekile ebangeni elide. Ikhono labo lokumelana nezimo zemvelo ezinzima nokugcina ubuqotho besignali kubenza babaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni uxhumano lwenethiwekhi ngalé kwezakhiwo nasezindaweni eziningi ezingaphandle.

3. Indoor vs Outdoor Fiber Optic Cables: Indlela yokukhetha

Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele lwekhebula le-fiber optic endaweni yokufaka kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenethiwekhi, ukwethembeka nempilo yokuphila. Okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile kwamakhebuli angaphakathi nangaphandle ahlanganisa: 

 

• Izimo zokufaka - Izintambo zangaphandle zilinganiselwe ukuchayeka esimeni sezulu, elangeni, emswakameni, nezinga lokushisa elidlulele. Basebenzisa amajakhethi aqinile, amelana ne-UV kanye namajeli noma amagrisi ukuvikela ekungeneni kwamanzi. Izintambo zasendlini azidingi lezi zakhiwo futhi zinamajakhethi amancane, angalinganisiwe. Ukusebenzisa ikhebuli yasendlini ngaphandle kuzolimaza ikhebula ngokushesha. 
• Isilinganiso sezingxenye - Amakhebuli angaphandle asebenzisa izingxenye ezilinganiselwe ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezinokhahlo njengamalungu aqinile ensimbi engagqwali, imicu ye-aramid evimba amanzi, nezixhumi/izinsimbi ezinezimpawu zejeli. Lezi zingxenye azidingeki ekufakweni kwangaphakathi futhi ukuziyeka esimisweni sangaphandle kuzonciphisa kakhulu ubude besikhathi sekhebula.  
• I-Conduit vs ukungcwatshwa okuqondile - Izintambo zangaphandle ezifakwe ngaphansi komhlaba zingase zihambe ngomsele noma zigqitshwe ngokuqondile. Izintambo zokungcwaba eziqondile zinamajakhethi e-polyethylene (PE) asindayo futhi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ungqimba lwezivikelo eziphelele ukuze uvikeleke kakhulu lapho uthintana ngqo nomhlabathi. Amakhebuli anesilinganiso se-conduit anejazi elilula futhi awanazo izikhali njengoba ipayipi livikela ikhebula emonakalweni wemvelo. 
• I-Aerial vs underground - Amakhebuli aklanyelwe ukufakwa emoyeni anomklamo we-figure-8 okwazi ukuzisekela phakathi kwezigxobo. Adinga amajakhethi amelana ne-UV, anesilinganiso sezulu kodwa azikho izembatho zempi. Izintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba zisebenzisa umklamo oyindilinga, ohlangene futhi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izingxenye zempi nezivimbelo zamanzi ukuze zifakwe emiseleni noma emiseleni. Ikhebula lasemoyeni alikwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi zokufakwa ngaphansi komhlaba. 
• Isilinganiso somlilo - Ezinye izintambo ezingaphakathi endlini, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisezikhaleni zokubamba umoya, zidinga amajakhethi angavimbeli umlilo nangenabo ubuthi ukuze kugwenywe ukubhebhetheka kwamalangabi noma intuthu enobuthi emlilweni. Lawa makhebula anentuthu encane, i-zero-halogen (LSZH) noma avimbela umlilo, angenayo i-asbestos (FR-A) akhipha intuthu encane futhi awekho imikhiqizo eyingozi lapho evezwe emlilweni. Ikhebula elivamile lingakhipha intuthu enobuthi, ngakho ikhebula elilinganiselwe umlilo liphephe kakhudlwana ezindaweni lapho izinqwaba ezinkulu zabantu zingathinteka khona. 

 

Bona futhi: Indoor vs. Outdoor Fiber Optic Cables: Eziyisisekelo, Umehluko, nokuthi Ungakhetha kanjani

 

Ukukhetha uhlobo olulungile lwekhebula endaweni yokufaka kugcina isikhathi sokusebenza kwenethiwekhi nokusebenza ngenkathi kugwema ukushintshwa okubizayo kwezingxenye ezikhethwe ngokungalungile. Izingxenye ezikalwe ngaphandle nazo zivame ukuba nezindleko eziphezulu, ngakho ukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezingxenyeni zangaphandle zekhebula kusiza ukugcwalisa isabelomali senethiwekhi esiphelele. Ngekhebula elifanele lesethi ngayinye yezimo zemvelo, amanethiwekhi athembekile we-fiber optic angatshalwa noma kuphi lapho kudingeka.

Ukuklama Inethiwekhi Yakho Ye-Fiber Optic

Amanethiwekhi e-Fiber optic adinga ukuklanywa okucophelelayo ukuze akhethe izingxenye ezizofanela izidingo zamanje kodwa zibe nezikali zokukhula okuzayo futhi zinikeze ukukhuthazela ngokungasebenzi kabusha. Izici ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-fiber system zifaka:

 

• Uhlobo Lofayibre: Khetha i-singlemode noma i-multimode fiber. Imodi eyodwa > 10 Gbps, amabanga amade. I-Multimode ye-<10 Gbps, imigijimo emifushane. Cabanga nge-OM3, OM4 noma i-OM5 ye-multimode fiber kanye ne-OS2 noma i-OS1 yemodi eyodwa. Khetha amadayimitha efayibha ahambisana nokuxhumana nezimbobo zemishini. Hlela izinhlobo zefiber eduze kwebanga, umkhawulokudonsa kanye nezidingo zebhajethi yokulahlekelwa. 
• I-Topology yenethiwekhi: Izinketho ezijwayelekile iphoyinti-kuya-iphuzu (isixhumanisi esiqondile), ibhasi (i-multipoint: idatha ye-splice ibe ikhebula phakathi kwamaphoyinti), indandatho (i-multipoint: indilinga enezindawo zokugcina), isihlahla/igatsha (imigqa yamahlumela elandelanayo), kanye ne-mesh (izixhumanisi eziningi eziphambanayo) . Khetha i-topology ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zokuxhuma, izindlela ezitholakalayo, kanye nezinga lokungadingeki. I-topology yeringi ne-mesh inikeza ukuqina okuningi ngezindlela eziningi ezingaba khona. 
• Ukubala kwe-Fibre: Khetha ukubalwa kwe-fiber strand ekugijimeni kwekhebula ngakunye, indawo ebiyelwe, iphaneli ngokusekelwe esidingweni samanje kanye nokuqagela komkhawulokudonsa/ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo. Kuyakala kakhulu ukufaka izintambo zokubala eziphakeme kakhulu/izingxenye ezivunyelwa yisabelomali njengoba ukuhlanganisa ifayibha nokuhlela kabusha kuba nzima uma kudingeka izintambo ezengeziwe kamuva. Ukuze uthole izixhumanisi eziyinhloko zomgogodla, i-fiber yepulani ibala cishe izikhathi ezi-2-4 ezilinganiselwe zezidingo zomkhawulokudonsa phakathi neminyaka eyi-10-15.  
• Ukungafinyeleli: Dala ingqalasizinda yefayibha ucabanga ngesidingo somkhawulokudonsa esizayo. Khetha izingxenye ezinomthamo omkhulu wefayibha osebenzayo futhi ushiye indawo yokunwetshwa ezivalekile, ama-rack, nezindlela. Thenga kuphela ama-patch panel, amakhasethi namahhanisi anezinhlobo ze-adaptha nokubalwa kwembobo okudingekayo ezidingweni zamanje, kodwa khetha okokusebenza kwe-modular nesikhala ukuze kungezwe izimbobo eziningi njengoba umkhawulokudonsa ukhula ukuze ugweme ukushintshwa okubizayo. 
• Ukungafuneki: Faka izixhumanisi ezingasadingeki kungqalasizinda yekhebula/yefayibha lapho isikhathi sokuphumula singenakubekezelelwa (isibhedlela, isikhungo sedatha, insiza). Sebenzisa i-mesh topology, i-dual homing (izixhumanisi ezimbili ukusuka kusayithi kuya kunethiwekhi), noma izivumelwano zesihlahla ezihlanganisa i-topology yeringi ebonakalayo ukuze uvimbele izixhumanisi ezingafuneki futhi unike amandla ukuhluleka okuzenzakalelayo. Kungenjalo, hlela imizila ehlukene yamakhebula kanye nezindlela ukuze unikeze izinketho zokuxhumana ezingadingeki ngokuphelele phakathi kwamasayithi/izakhiwo ezibalulekile. 
• Ukuqaliswa: Sebenza nabaklami abaqinisekisiwe nabafaki abanolwazi ekusetshenzisweni kwenethiwekhi ye-fiber. Amakhono amayelana nokunqamula kanye nokuhlanganisa ikhebula le-fiber optic, izixhumanisi zokuhlola, nezingxenye zokusebenzisa kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuphelele. Bhala ngokucacile ingqalasizinda ngezinjongo zokuphatha nokuxazulula inkinga.

 

Ukuze kube nokuxhumana okusebenzayo kwefayibha yesikhathi eside, ukuhlela idizayini enwebekayo kanye nesistimu yomthamo omkhulu engathuthuka kanye nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana bedijithali kubalulekile. Cabangela kokubili izidingo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo lapho ukhetha intambo ye-fiber optic, izakhi zokuxhuma, izindlela, kanye nokokusebenza ukuze ugweme ukwakhiwa kabusha okumba eqolo noma izithiyo zenethiwekhi njengoba izimfuno zomkhawulokudonsa zikhula esikhathini sokuphila sengqalasizinda. Ngomklamo oqinile, ofakazelwe esikhathini esizayo osetshenziswe kahle ngochwepheshe abanolwazi, inethiwekhi ye-fiber optic iba impahla yamasu enembuyiselo ebalulekile ekutshalweni kwezimali.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezintambo Ze-Fiber Optic: Amathiphu Nemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu

Nawa amanye amathiphu ezindlela ezihamba phambili ze-fiber optic:

 

• Hlala ulandela imikhawulo enconyiwe yerediyasi yokugoba yohlobo oluthile lwekhebula le-fiber optic. Ukugoba i-fiber iqine kakhulu kungalimaza ingilazi futhi kuphule izindlela zokubona. 
• Gcina izixhumi ze-fiber optic nama-adaptha kuhlanzekile. Ukuxhumana okungcolile noma okuklwetshiwe kusabalalisa ukukhanya futhi kunciphise amandla esignali. Ngokuvamile kubhekwe #1 imbangela yokulahlekelwa kwesignali.
• Sebenzisa imikhiqizo yokuhlanza egunyaziwe kuphela. I-Isopropyl alcohol kanye ne-specialty fiber optic yokuhlanza izixazululo ziphephile ekuxhumekeni okuningi kwefayibha uma zisetshenziswa kahle. Amanye amakhemikhali angase alimaze izindawo ze-fiber kanye nama-coatings. 
• Vikela i-fiber optic cabling kusukela kumthelela nokuchotshozwa. Ukuwisa noma ukumpintsha ifayibha kungaphahlaza ingilazi, kuqhekeze i-coating, noma kuminyanise futhi kuhlanekezele ikhebula, konke kudale umonakalo unomphela.
• Gcina i-polarity efanele kuma-duplex fiber strands kanye neziqu ze-MPO. Ukusebenzisa i-polarity engalungile kuvimbela ukudluliswa kokukhanya phakathi kwamafayibha abhanqwe kahle. Ingcweti kwe-A, B pinout scheme kanye nemidwebo ehlukahlukene yokuxhumana kwakho. 
• Lebula yonke intambo ye-fiber optic ngokucacile nangokungaguquguquki. Uhlelo olufana ne-"Rack4-PatchPanel12-Port6" luvumela ukukhonjwa okulula kwesixhumanisi sefayibha ngayinye. Amalebula kufanele ahlobane nemibhalo. 
• Kala ukulahlekelwa futhi uhlole yonke i-fiber efakiwe nge-OTDR. Qinisekisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kukucaciswe komkhiqizi noma ngaphansi ngaphambi kokuba bukhoma. Bheka okudidayo okubonisa umonakalo, izingxenye ezimbi noma izixhumi ezingafanele ezidinga ukulungiswa. 
• Qeqesha ochwepheshe ngendlela efanele yokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa. I-Fusion splicing kufanele iqondanise ngokunembile ama-fiber cores futhi ibe ne-geometry enhle yokuhlukanisa ezindaweni ezihlukene ukuze ulahlekelwe kahle. Isu elibi liholela ekulahlekelweni okuphezulu kanye nokuncipha kokusebenza kwenethiwekhi. 
• Lawula i-slack fiber ngokuzibophezela usebenzisa amayunithi okusabalalisa ifayibha kanye nama-spool axegayo. Ifayibha exegayo eyeqile eminyene ezivalekile ihlanganisa izixhumi/ama-adaptha futhi kunzima ukuyifinyelela noma ukulandelela kamuva ukunyakaza/ukwengeza/izinguquko. 
• Bhala phansi yonke i-fiber efakiwe efaka imiphumela yokuhlolwa, izindawo ezixegayo, izinhlobo/amakilasi wezixhumi, kanye ne-polarity. Amadokhumenti avumela ukuxazulula izinkinga kalula, ukunakekelwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuphephile/ukulungiswa kwamanethiwekhi. Ukushoda kwamarekhodi ngokuvamile kusho ukuqala kusukela ekuqaleni. 
• Hlela ukunwetshwa kanye nomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu esikhathini esizayo. Ukufaka ama-fiber strands amaningi kunalawo adingekayo njengamanje nokusebenzisa ipayipi elinezintambo zokudonsa/izintambo zomhlahlandlela kuvumela izindleko ukuthuthukiswa okuphumelelayo kusivinini/umthamo wenethiwekhi ezansi nomgwaqo.

I-MPO/MTP Fiber Optic Cabling

Izixhumi nezinhlaka ze-MPO/MTP zisetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi wokubala amafayibha aphezulu lapho kunzima ukuphatha imicu/izixhumi ngazinye, njengezixhumanisi ze-100G+ Ethernet kanye ne-FTTA. Izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-MPO zifaka:

1. Izintambo ze-trunk

Iqukethe amafayibha angu-12 kuya kwangu-72 anqanyulwe kusixhumi esisodwa se-MPO/MTP ekugcineni ngakunye. Isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto zokusebenza ezikhungweni zedatha, i-FTTA iqhuba imibhoshongo, kanye nezindawo zenkampani yenethiwekhi. Vumela ukuminyana kwefayibha ephezulu kuyunithi eyodwa exhunywayo. 

2. Bopha izintambo

Yiba nesixhumi esisodwa se-MPO/MTP ekugcineni kanye nezixhumi eziningi ze-simplex/duplex (LC/SC) ngakolunye. Nikeza ngoshintsho ukusuka ku-multi-fiber ukuya ekuxhumekeni kwefayibha ngayinye. Kufakwe phakathi kwamasistimu asekelwe ku-trunk namathuluzi anezixhumi zembobo ezihlukene.

3. Amateyipu

Ilayishwe amamojula e-adaptha amukela i-MPO/MTP kanye/noma izixhumi ze-simplex/duplex ukuze inikeze ukuxhuma okuphambanayo kwemodular. Amakhasethi afakwa kumayunithi okusabalalisa ifayibha, amafreyimu, namaphaneli okuchibiyela. Isetshenziselwa kokubili ukuxhuma kanye namanethiwekhi okuxhumanisa. Ukuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu kunamaphaneli e-adaptha endabuko.

4. Izihlukanisi ze-trunk

Yiba nesixhumi se-MPO ekugcineni kokufaka esinemiphumela emibili ye-MPO ukuze uhlukanise isiqu esisodwa se-fibre ephezulu sibe iziqu ezimbili eziphansi zokubala zefayibha. Isibonelo, i-input yama-fibers angu-24 ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili zamafayili angu-12 ngayinye. Vumela amanethiwekhi e-MPO trunking ukuthi amiswe kabusha kahle. 

5. Amamojula we-adaptha ye-MEPPI

Shelelisela kumakhasethi namaphaneli alayishiwe. Iqukethe ama-adaptha e-MPO ngemuva ukuze yamukele ukuxhumana kwe-MPO eyodwa noma ngaphezulu nama-adaptha amaningi e-LC/SC ngaphambili ahlukanisa i-fiber ngayinye kuzixhumanisi ze-MPO. Nikeza ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-MPO trunking kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-LC/SC kumishini. 

6. Ukucatshangelwa kwe-polarity

Ikhebula ye-MPO/MTP idinga ukugcinwa ngendlela efanele yokuma kwefayibha kanye ne-polarity esiteshini sonkana ukuze kuxhunywe ekugcineni ezindleleni ezifanele zokubona. Izinhlobo ezintathu ze-polarity ziyatholakala kuma-MPO: Thayipha A - Khiya ukhiye ukuze ukhiye phezulu, Uhlobo B - Khipha phansi ukuze ukhiye phansi, kanye Nohlobo C - Amafayibha omugqa omaphakathi, amafayibha omugqa angewona amaphakathi ashintshiwe. I-polarity efanele ngokusebenzisa ingqalasizinda yekhebula ibalulekile noma uma kungenjalo amasignali ngeke adlule kahle phakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezixhunyiwe.

7. Ukubhalwa phansi kanye nokulebula

Ngenxa yokubala okuphezulu kwefayibha nokuba yinkimbinkimbi, ukufakwa kwe-MPO kunengozi enkulu yokucushwa okungalungile okuholela ezinkingeni zokuxazulula inkinga. Amadokhumenti acophelelayo emizila yeziqu, izindawo zokunqanyulwa kwezintambo, izabelo ze-cassette slot, umumo wokuhlukaniswa kwe-trunk kanye nezinhlobo ze-polarity kufanele kurekhodwe njengoba kwakhelwe ukuze kusetshenziswe kamuva. Ukulebula okuphelele nakho kubalulekile. 

Ukuhlolwa kwekhebula le-Fiber Optic

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izintambo ze-fiber optic zifakiwe futhi zisebenza ngendlela efanele, ukuhlolwa okuningana kufanele kwenziwe okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka, ukuhlolwa kobuso obuseduze, nokuhlolwa kokulahlekelwa kokubona. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi amafayibha awonakele, izixhumi ziyikhwalithi ephezulu, futhi ukulahlekelwa ukukhanya kungaphakathi kwamazinga amukelekayo okudlulisela isignali okuphumelelayo.

 

• Ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka - Isebenzisa i-visual fault locator (VFL) ukuze ithumele ilambu elibomvu elibonakalayo ngefayibha ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphuka, ukugoba, noma ezinye izinkinga. Ukukhanya okubomvu ekugcineni okukude kubonisa i-fiber engaguquki, eqhubekayo. 
• Ukuhlolwa kobuso bokugcina - Isebenzisa i-fiber microscope probe ukuhlola ubuso bokugcina bemicu nezixhumi ukuthola imihuzuko, imigodi, noma ukungcola. Ikhwalithi yobuso bokugcina ibalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kokufaka kanye nokubuyela emuva. Ubuso be-fiber ekugcineni kufanele buphuculwe kahle, buhlanzwe futhi bungonakalisiwe.
• Ukuhlolwa kokulahlekelwa kwamehlo - Ikala ukulahleka kokukhanya kuma-decibel (dB) phakathi kwamafayibha nezingxenye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kungaphansi kwemvume ephezulu. Isethi yokuhlolwa kokulahleka kokubona (OLTS) iqukethe umthombo wokukhanya nemitha yamandla ukukala ukulahleka. Amaleveli okulahlekelwa acaciswa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nohlobo lwekhebula, ubude begagasi, ibanga, nezinga lenethiwekhi. Ukulahlekelwa okuningi kunciphisa amandla esignali kanye nomkhawulokudonsa.

 

Ukuhlolwa kwekhebula le-fiber optic kudinga amathuluzi amaningana ahlanganisa:

 

• I-Visual Fault Locator (VFL) - Ikhipha ukukhanya kwe-laser okubomvu okubonakalayo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuqhubeka kwefayibha futhi kulandele imikhondo yefayibha.
• I-Fiber microscope probe - Ikhulisa futhi ikhanyise ubuso bokuphela kwefayibha ku-200X kuya ku-400X ukuze buhlolwe.
• Isethi yokuhlolwa kokulahleka kokubona (OLTS) - Kufaka phakathi umthombo wokukhanya ozinzile kanye imitha yamandla ukukala ukulahleka ku-dB phakathi kwamafayibha, izixhumi nama-splices. 
• Imikhiqizo yokuhlanza i-fiber - Izindwangu ezithambile, izinto zokuhlanza, izincibilikisi namaswabhu ukuze kuhlanzeke kahle imicu nobuso ngaphambi kokuhlolwa noma ukuxhunywa. Ukungcola kuwumthombo omkhulu wokulahlekelwa kanye nomonakalo. 
• Izintambo zokuhlola eziyisethenjwa - Izintambo ezifinyeziwe zokuxhuma izinto zokuhlola kukhebula ezivivinywayo. Izintambo eziyisithenjwa kufanele zibe yikhwalithi ephezulu ukugwema ukuphazamiseka nezilinganiso.
• Amathuluzi okuhlola abonakalayo - I-Flashlight, i-borescope, isibuko sokuhlola esisetshenziselwa ukuhlola izingxenye ze-fiber cabling kanye nokufakwa kunoma yimuphi umonakalo noma izinkinga. 

 

Ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwezixhumanisi ze-fiber optic namanethiwekhi kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza okwanele nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomkhakha. Ukuhlola, ukuhlola nokuhlanza kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa kokuqala, lapho kwenziwa izinguquko, noma uma kuphakama izinkinga zokulahlekelwa noma zomkhawulokudonsa. I-fiber edlula konke ukuhlolwa izohlinzeka iminyaka eminingi yesevisi esheshayo, ethembekile.

Ibala Izabelomali Zokulahleka Kwesixhumanisi kanye Nokukhethwa Kwekhebula

Lapho uklama inethiwekhi ye-fiber optic, kubalulekile ukubala inani lokulahleka kwesixhumanisi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi kunamandla anele ukuze ukukhanya kubonwe ekugcineni kokwamukela. Isabelomali sokulahlekelwa kwesixhumanisi silandisa kukho konke ukuncipha kusixhumanisi, okuhlanganisa ukulahleka kwentambo yefayibha, ukulahleka kwesixhumi, ukulahleka kwe-splice, nokunye ukulahlekelwa kwengxenye. Isamba sokulahlekelwa kwesixhumanisi kufanele sibe ngaphansi kokulahlekelwa okungabekezelelwa ngenkathi kugcinwa amandla esignali anele, okwaziwa ngokuthi "isabelomali samandla".

 

Ukulahleka kwesixhumanisi kukalwa ngama-decibel ngekhilomitha (dB/km) ku-fibre ethile nomthombo wokukhanya we-wavelength osetshenzisiwe. Amanani ajwayelekile okulahlekelwa e-fiber evamile nezinhlobo zamaza amaza yilawa: 

 

• Ifayibha yemodi eyodwa (SM) @ 1310 nm - 0.32-0.4 dB/km      
• Ifayibha yemodi eyodwa (SM) @ 1550 nm - 0.25 dB/km 
• I-Multi-mode (MM) fiber @ 850 nm - 2.5-3.5 dB/km 

 

Isixhumi nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlayiya kuyinani eligxilile lazo zonke izixhumanisi, cishe -0.5 dB ngepheya yesixhumi esihlangene noma ijoyinti le-splice. Inani lezixhumi lincike kubude besixhumanisi njengoba izixhumanisi ezinde zingase zidinge izigaba eziningi zefiber ukuze zihlanganiswe.  

 

Isabelomali samandla esixhumanisi kufanele sibhekane nebanga lamandla esidlulisi kanye nomamukeli, imajini yokuphepha kwamandla, nanoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe okuvela kumakhebuli okuchibiyela, izixhumi zefayibha, noma izingxenye ezisebenzayo. Kufanele kube namandla okudlulisela anele kanye nokuzwela komamukeli ukuze isixhumanisi sisebenze kahle ngenye imajini yokuphepha, ngokuvamile cishe u-10% wesabelomali esiphelele.

 

Ngokusekelwe kusabelomali sokulahlekelwa kwesixhumanisi kanye nezidingo zamandla, uhlobo olufanele lwefayibha kanye nesidlulisi/umamukeli kufanele kukhethwe. I-fiber yemodi eyodwa kufanele isetshenziselwe amabanga amade noma ama-bandwidth aphezulu ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwayo okuphansi, kuyilapho imodi eminingi ingasebenzela izixhumanisi ezimfushane lapho izindleko eziphansi zibalulekile. Imithombo yokukhanya nabamukeli bazocacisa usayizi ohambisanayo we-fiber core kanye nobude begagasi. 

 

Izintambo zangaphandle nazo zinezincazelo eziphakeme zokulahlekelwa, ngakho isabelomali sokulahlekelwa kwesixhumanisi kufanele silungiswe ukuze kunxeshezelwe lapho kusetshenziswa izingxenye zekhebula zangaphandle. Khetha izisetshenziswa ezisebenzayo nezixhumi ezikalwe ngaphandle ukuze ugweme ukulimala komswakama nesimo sezulu kulezi zixhumanisi. 

 

Izixhumanisi ze-Fiber optic zingasekela kuphela inani elilinganiselwe lokulahlekelwa kuyilapho zisanikeza amandla anele okudlulisa isignali efundekayo kumamukeli. Ngokubala ingqikithi yokulahlekelwa kwesixhumanisi kuzo zonke izici zokuthibaza nokukhetha izakhi ezinamavelu ahambisanayo okulahlekelwa, amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic asebenzayo nathembekile angaklanywa futhi asetshenziswe. Ukulahlekelwa okungaphezu kwesabelomali samandla kuzoholela ekulimazeni kwesignali, amaphutha amancane noma ukwehluleka okuphelele kwesixhumanisi. 

I-Fiber Optic Industry Standards 

Amazinga obuchwepheshe be-fiber optic athuthukiswa futhi agcinwe yizinhlangano ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa:

1. I-Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Idala amazinga emikhiqizo yokuxhuma efana nezintambo ze-fiber optic, izixhumi, izinsimbi, nezinto zokuhlola. Amazinga e-TIA acacisa ukusebenza, ukwethembeka kanye nezidingo zokuphepha. Izindinganiso eziyinhloko ze-fiber zihlanganisa i-TIA-492, i-TIA-568, i-TIA-606 ne-TIA-942.

 

• I-TIA-568 - I-Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard evela ku-TIA ihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuhlola nokufaka zekhebula yethusi nefayibha ezindaweni zebhizinisi. I-TIA-568 icacisa izinhlobo zekhebula, amabanga, ukusebenza kanye ne-polarity yezixhumanisi zefayibha. Izinkomba ze-ISO/IEC 11801 standard.
• I-TIA-604-5-D - I-Fiber Optic Connector Intermateability Standard (FOCIS) ecacisa ijometri yesixhumi se-MPO, ubukhulu bomzimba, imingcele yokusebenza ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemithombo nokuxhunywa kwekhebula. I-FOCIS-10 ireferensi i-12-fiber MPO kanye ne-FOCIS-5 izinkomba ezingu-24-fiber MPO izixhumi ezisetshenziswa ku-40/100G parallel optics kanye ne-MPO system cabling.

2. Ikhomishana yamazwe ngamazwe ka-Electrotechnical (IEC)

Ithuthukisa izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ze-fiber optic ezigxile ekusebenzeni, ukwethembeka, ukuphepha, nokuhlola. I-IEC 60794 ne-IEC 61280 ikhava ikhebula le-fiber optic kanye nokucaciswa kwesixhumi.

 

• I-ISO / i-IEC 11801 - I-International generic cabling yezinga lezakhiwo zamakhasimende. Ichaza ukucaciswa kokusebenza kwamabanga ahlukahlukene efayibha (i-OM1 kuye ku-OM5 imodi eningilizayo, i-OS1 kuye ku-OS2 imodi eyodwa). Imininingwane ku-11801 yamukelwa emhlabeni jikelele futhi ibhekiselwa yi-TIA-568.
• IEC 61753-1 - Imishini yokuxhuma i-Fiber optic kanye nezinga lokusebenza kwezingxenye ezingenzi lutho. Icacisa izivivinyo nezinqubo zokuhlola zokuhlola ukusebenza kokubona kwezixhumi zefayibha, ama-adaptha, izivikeli ze-splice nokunye ukuxhumana okwenziwayo okusetshenziswa kuzixhumanisi zefayibha. Kubhekiselwa ku-Telcordia GR-20-CORE namazinga wekhebula.

3. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene esungula izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, okuhlanganisa i-fiber optics. I-ITU-T G.651-G.657 inikeza ukucaciswa kwezinhlobo zefiber yemodi eyodwa nezici.

  

4. I-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Izilinganiso zezinkinga zobuchwepheshe be-fiber optic ezihlobene nezikhungo zedatha, okokusebenza kwenethiwekhi, nezinhlelo zokuthutha. I-IEEE 802.3 ichaza amazinga amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic ethernet.

 

• IEEE 802.3 - Izinga le-Ethernet elivela ku-IEEE esebenzisa i-fiber optic cabling kanye nezindawo zokusebenzelana. Ukucaciswa kwemidiya ye-Fiber ye-10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LRM, 10GBASE-LR, 40GBASE-SR4, 100GBASE-SR10 kanye ne-100GBASE-LR4 kudalulwe ngokusekelwe kuzinhlobo zefayibha ze-OM3, OM4 ne-OS2. Ukuxhumana kwe-MPO/MTP kucaciswe kweminye imidiya yefiber. 

5. I-Electronics Industry Association (EIA)

Isebenzisana ne-TIA ukuthuthukisa amazinga emikhiqizo yokuxhuma, nge-EIA-455 kanye ne-EIA/TIA-598 egxile kuzixhumi ze-fiber optic kanye nesisekelo. 

6. I-Telcordia / Bellcore

Idala izindinganiso zemishini yenethiwekhi, ikhebula yezitshalo yangaphandle kanye ne-central office fibre optics e-United States. I-GR-20 inikeza izindinganiso zokwethenjelwa ze-fiber optic cabling. 

 

• I-Telcordia GR-20-CORE - Izidingo ezijwayelekile ze-Telcordia (ngaphambili ezaziyi-Bellcore) ezicacisayo ze-fiber optic cabling ezisetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi enkampani yenethiwekhi, amahhovisi amaphakathi kanye neplanti yangaphandle. Izinkomba ze-TIA kanye namazinga e-ISO/IEC kodwa ahlanganisa izimfanelo ezengeziwe zebanga lokushisa, ukuphila isikhathi eside, ukwakhiwa kwekhebula lokudonsa kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza. Inikeza abakhiqizi bezinto zenethiwekhi nabathwali imihlahlandlela evamile yengqalasizinda yefayibha ethembeke kakhulu.

7. I-RUS Bulletin

• I-RUS Bulletin 1715E-810 - Ukucaciswa kwe-Fiber optic evela ku-Rural Utilities Service (RUS) ehlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela yokuklama, ukufakwa nokuhlolwa kwezinhlelo ze-fiber optic zezinsiza. Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zomkhakha kodwa kuhlanganisa izidingo ezengeziwe mayelana nezindlu ezivalekile zokuhlanganisa, izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezikhwezwayo, ukulebula, ibhondi/isisekelo sezindawo zenethiwekhi yensiza.

 

Amazinga abalulekile kumanethiwekhi e-fiber optic ngezizathu ezimbalwa: 

 

• Ukusebenzisana - Izingxenye ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifanayo zingasebenza ngokuhambisanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimuphi umenzi. Amazinga aqinisekisa ukuthi abathumeli, izintambo, nabamukeli bazosebenza njengohlelo oludidiyelwe.
• Ukuthembeka - Amazinga acacisa indlela yokusebenza, izindlela zokuhlola kanye nezici zokuphepha ukuze kuhlinzekwe izinga lokuthembeka kwamanethiwekhi efayibha nezingxenye. Imikhiqizo kufanele ihlangabezane ne-radius encane yokugoba, ukudonsa, izinga lokushisa nokunye okucaciswayo ukuze ihambisane nezindinganiso. 
• Quality - Abakhiqizi kufanele bahambisane nedizayini, izinto zokwakha, namazinga okukhiqiza ukuze bakhe imikhiqizo ethobelayo. Lokhu kubangela ikhwalithi ephezulu, engaguquki yemikhiqizo ye-fiber optic. 
• Amaprosesa asekelwe - Izinsizakusebenza namanethiwekhi asekelwe kumazinga amukelwa kabanzi azoba nokusekelwa okungcono kwesikhathi eside kanye nokutholakala kwezingxenye ezishintshayo ezihambisanayo. Ubuchwepheshe bobunikazi noma obungajwayelekile bungase buphelelwe yisikhathi.

 

Njengoba amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic nobuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokukhula emhlabeni wonke, izindinganiso zihlose ukusheshisa ukukhula ngokusebenzisana, ikhwalithi ekhuphukile, ukwethembeka kanye nokusekelwa komjikelezo wempilo. Kumanethiwekhi abalulekile wemishini esebenza kahle kakhulu, izingxenye ze-fiber optic ezisezingeni zibalulekile. 

Izinketho Zokuphindaphinda Kwenethiwekhi Ye-Fiber Optic 

Kumanethiwekhi abalulekile adinga isikhathi esiphezulu, ukuphindaphinda kubalulekile. Izinketho ezimbalwa zokufaka i-redundancy kumanethiwekhi we-fiber optic zifaka:

 

1. Izindandatho zenethiwekhi eziziphilisayo - Ukuxhuma amanodi enethiwekhi ku-topology eyindandatho enemizila emibili yefayibha ezimele phakathi kwenodi ngayinye. Uma umzila owodwa wefayibha usikwa noma ulimele, ithrafikhi iphinda iphindele kwelinye icala elizungeze iringi. Okuvame kakhulu kumanethiwekhi we-metro nasezikhungweni zedatha. 
2. I-topology ye-Mesh - I-node ngayinye yenethiwekhi ixhunywe kumanodi amaningi azungezile, okwenza izindlela zokuxhuma ezingafuneki. Uma noma iyiphi indlela yehluleka, ithrafikhi ingaphinda idlule kwamanye amanodi. Kuhle kakhulu kumanethiwekhi ekhampasi lapho izidingo zesikhathi sokuphumula ziphezulu. 
3. Imizila ehlukahlukene - Ithrafikhi yedatha eyisisekelo neyesipele idlula ezindleleni ezimbili ezihlukene ukusuka emthonjeni kuya endaweni. Uma indlela eyinhloko yehluleka, ithrafikhi ishintshela ngokushesha endleleni eyisipele. Imishini ehlukene, imizila yamakhebula kanye nemizila yendawo isetshenziswa ukuze kungadingeki lutho. 
4. Ukuphindaphinda kwemishini - Amathuluzi enethiwekhi abalulekile njengamaswishi namarutha asetshenziswa ngamasethi afanayo anokulungiselelwa okufakwe esibukweni. Uma idivayisi eyodwa yehluleka noma idinga ukulungiswa, iyunithi eyimpinda ithatha izintambo ngokushesha igcina ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. Idinga ukunikezwa kwamandla okumbaxambili kanye nokuphathwa kokucushwa ngokucophelela. 
5. Ukuhlukahluka kwendlela ye-Fiber - Lapho kungenzeka khona, intambo ye-fiber optic yemizila yokuqala neyesekelayo ilandela izindlela zamakhebula ezihlukene phakathi kwezindawo. Lokhu kuvikela iphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka kunoma iyiphi indlela eyodwa ngenxa yomonakalo noma izinkinga zemvelo. Kusetshenziswa izindawo zokungena ezihlukene ezakhiweni kanye nemizila yamakhebula ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zekhampasi. 
6. Ukuphindaphinda kwe-Transponder - Kumanethiwekhi e-fiber ahlanganisa amabanga amade, ama-transponder akhulisiwe noma ama-regenerator abekwa cishe njalo ku-50-100 km ukuze kugcinwe amandla esignali. Ama-transponder angasebenzi (1+1 ukuvikela) noma imizila ehambisanayo enama-transponder ahlukene endleleni ngayinye ivikela isixhumanisi ekuhlulekeni kwe-amplifier obekunganqamula ithrafikhi. 

 

Nganoma imuphi umklamo wokuphindaphinda, i-failover ezenzakalelayo ezingxenyeni eziyisipele iyadingeka ukuze ubuyisele isevisi ngokushesha esimweni sephutha. Isofthiwe yokuphatha inethiwekhi iqapha ngenkuthalo izindlela eziyinhloko nezinto zokusebenza, icuphe ngokushesha izinsiza zokulondoloza uma kutholwa ukwehluleka. I-redundancy idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kodwa inikeza isikhathi esiphezulu kanye nokuqina kwamanethiwekhi e-fiber optic abalulekile ahambisa izwi, idatha, nevidiyo. 

 

Kumanethiwekhi amaningi, inhlanganisela yamasu angasebenzi kahle isebenza kahle. Indandatho yefiber ingase ibe noxhumo lwe-mesh olucishiwe, olunamarutha ayimpinda kanye nokushintsha imithombo yamandla ehlukahlukene. Ama-Transponder angahlinzeka ngokungasebenzi kwezixhumanisi zokudonsa isikhathi eside phakathi kwamadolobha. Ngokuphinda kuphindwe kabusha ezindaweni zamasu kunethiwekhi, ukuthembeka kukonke kanye nesikhathi esengeziwe kuthuthukiswa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezidingeka kakhulu. 

Izilinganiso Zezindleko Ze-Fiber Optic Networks 

Nakuba amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic edinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangaphambili okuphezulu kune-copper cabling, i-fiber inikeza inani elibalulekile lesikhathi eside ngokusebenza okuphezulu, ukwethembeka nempilo yokuphila. Izindleko zamanethiwekhi e-fiber optic zifaka:

 

• Izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo - Izintambo, izixhumi, izindawo ezivalekile, okokusebenza kwenethiwekhi kanye nezingxenye ezidingekayo kunethiwekhi ye-fiber optic. Ikhebula le-fiber optic libiza kakhulu ngonyawo ngalunye kunethusi, lisuka ku-$0.15 liye phezu kwama-$5 ngonyawo kuya ngohlobo. Amaphaneli okuchibiyela, amaswishi, namarutha adizayinelwe ifayibha ngokuvamile izikhathi ezi-2-3 kunezindleko zamayunithi ekhopha alinganayo. 
• Izindleko zokufaka - Umsebenzi kanye nezinsizakalo zokufaka ingqalasizinda ye-fiber optic cabling ehlanganisa ukudonsa intambo, ukuhlanganisa, ukunqanyulwa, ukuhlola nokuxazulula izinkinga. Izindleko zokufaka zisukela ku-$150-500 ngokunqanyulwa kwefayibha ngayinye, u-$750-$2000 ngesigaxa sekhebula ngasinye, kanye no-$15,000 ngemayela ngalinye lokufakwa kwekhebula kwangaphandle. Amanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi ezindaweni eziminyene noma ukufakwa emoyeni anyusa izindleko. 
• Izindleko eziqhubekayo - Izindleko zokusebenza, ukuphatha kanye nokugcina inethiwekhi ye-fiber optic ehlanganisa amandla okusebenza, izidingo zokupholisa zemishini esebenzayo, ukuqashwa kokufinyelela kwesokudla, kanye nezindleko zezinhlelo zokuqapha/zokuphatha inethiwekhi. Izinkontileka zokulungisa minyaka yonke zokusekela ingqalasizinda ebalulekile zisukela ku-10-15% wezindleko zokuqala zemishini. 

 

Yize izindleko zempahla nokufaka i-fiber ziphezulu, umjikelezo wempilo wezinhlelo ze-fiber optic mude kakhulu. Ikhebula le-fiber optic lingasebenza iminyaka engu-25-40 ngaphandle kokushintshwa liqhathaniswa neminyaka eyi-10-15 nje ngethusi, futhi lidinga ukulungiswa okuncane. Umkhawulokudonsa nawo udinga kabili njalo eminyakeni emi-2-3, okusho ukuthi noma iyiphi inethiwekhi esekwe ekhopha izodinga ukushintshwa okugcwele ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthamo ngaphakathi komjikelezo wayo wempilo osebenzisekayo. 

 

Ithebula elingezansi lihlinzeka ngokuqhathanisa izindleko zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamanethiwekhi e-fiber optic ebhizinisi:

 

Uhlobo lwenethiwekhi	Izindleko Zempahla/I-Ft	Izindleko Zokufaka/I-Ft	Ukuphila Okulindelwe
I-OS2 yemodi eyodwa	$ 0.50- $ 2	$5	iminyaka 25-40
I-OM3 Imodi eminingi	$ 0.15- $ 0.75	$ 1- $ 3	iminyaka 10-15
I-OS2 w/ imicu eyi-12-strand	$ 1.50- $ 5	$ 10- $ 20	iminyaka 25-40
Inethiwekhi engasasebenzi	2-3x ejwayelekile	2-3x ejwayelekile	iminyaka 25-40

 

Nakuba izinhlelo ze-fiber optic zidinga imali enkulu yokuqala, izinzuzo zesikhathi eside ekusebenzeni, ukuzinza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kwenza i-fiber ibe yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezibheke eminyakeni eyi-10-20 ngaphambili. Ukuze uthole uxhumano lobufakazi besikhathi esizayo, isikhathi esiphezulu, nokugwema ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, i-fiber optics ibonisa inani eliphansi lezindleko zobunikazi kanye nembuyiselo ephezulu ekutshalweni kwezimali njengoba amanethiwekhi ekhula ngesivinini namandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ikusasa leFiber Optic Cables 

Ubuchwepheshe be-Fiber optic buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha, buvumela izingxenye ezintsha nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Amathrendi amanje ahlanganisa ukunwetshwa kwamanethiwekhi angenantambo e-5G, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwefayibha ekuxhumekeni kwasekhaya (FTTH), kanye nokukhula kwengqalasizinda yesikhungo sedatha. Lawa mathrendi ancike kunethiwekhi ye-fiber optic enesivinini esikhulu, enamandla aphezulu futhi azoqhuba ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezingxenye ze-fiber optic namamojula ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhulayo zomkhawulokudonsa.

 

Izixhumi ezintsha ze-fiber optic, amaswishi, izithumeli, nezitholi ziyathuthukiswa ukuze kusingathwe amanani edatha aphezulu kanye nokuminyana okukhulu kokuxhumeka. Ama-amplifiers abonakalayo neminye imithombo ye-laser iyathuthukiswa ukuze kukhuliswe amasiginali kumabanga amade ngaphandle kokuphinda. Amafayibha amancanyana namafayibha amaningi abalulekile ngaphakathi kwekhebuli eyodwa azokhuphula umkhawulokudonsa kanye nomthamo wedatha. Intuthuko ku-fiber optic splicing, ukuhlola, namasu okuhlanza ihlose ukuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesignali ukuze kusebenze okuthembeke kakhudlwana.  

 

Ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwakusasa kobuchwepheshe be-fiber optic kuyajabulisa futhi kuhlukene. Izinzwa ezihlanganisiwe ze-fiber optic zingavumela ukuqapha kwezempilo okuqhubekayo, ukuzulazula okunembayo, kanye ne-smart home automation. Ubuchwepheshe be-Li-Fi busebenzisa ukukhanya okuvela ku-fiber optics nama-LED ukuze kudluliselwe idatha ngokungenantambo ngesivinini esiphezulu. Imishini emisha ye-biomedical ingase isebenzise i-fiber optics ukuze ifinyelele ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo emzimbeni noma ivuselele imizwa nezicubu. I-Quantum computing ingase futhi ikhulise izixhumanisi ze-fiber optic phakathi kwama-node.

 

Izimoto ezizishayelayo zingasebenzisa ama-fiber optic gyroscope nezinzwa ukuze zizulazule emigwaqeni. Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-fiber laser ingathuthukisa amasu okukhiqiza ahlukahlukene njengokusika, ukushisela, ukumaka kanye nezikhali ze-laser. Ubuchwepheshe obugqokekayo kanye nezinhlelo zangempela/ezingathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona zingahlanganisa izibonisi ze-fiber optic namadivayisi okokufaka ukuze uthole ukuzizwisa okucwiliswe ngokuphelele. Kalula nje, amakhono e-fiber optic asiza ukunika amandla ukuqanjwa kabusha cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yezobuchwepheshe.

 

Njengoba amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic eya ngokuya exhunywa futhi ehlanganiswa nengqalasizinda emhlabeni wonke, amathuba esikhathi esizayo ayaguquka futhi acishe angenamkhawulo. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezindleko, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nekhono kuzovumela ubuchwepheshe be-fiber optic ukuthi buqhubeke nokwenza izinguquko futhi buthuthukise izimpilo kuzo zombili izifunda ezithuthukisiwe nezisathuthuka emhlabeni wonke. Amandla aphelele e-fiber optics asazofezeka.

Imininingwane Evela Kochwepheshe

Izingxoxo nochwepheshe be-fiber optic zinikeza ingcebo yolwazi mayelana namathrendi ezobuchwepheshe, izinqubo ezivamile nezifundo ezifundwe eminyakeni yokuhlangenwe nakho. Izingxoxo ezilandelayo zigqamisa izeluleko zalabo abasha embonini kanye nabaphathi bezobuchwepheshe abaklama amasistimu okuxhumana kwedatha. 

 

Ingxoxo noJohn Smith, RCDD, Senior Consultant, Corning

 

Q: Yiziphi izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezithinta amanethiwekhi we-fiber?

IMP: Sibona ukwanda kwesidingo sefayibha ezikhungweni zedatha, ingqalasizinda engenazintambo kanye namadolobha ahlakaniphile. Ukukhula komkhawulokudonsa ngevidiyo ye-5G, IoT kanye ne-4K/8K kubhebhezela ukuthunyelwa kwefayibha okukhulu... 

 

Umbuzo: Yimaphi amaphutha ovame ukuwabona?

IMP: Ukungaboni kahle kumadokhumenti enethiwekhi yinkinga evamile. Ukwehluleka ukulebula kahle nokulandelela amaphaneli e-fiber patch, ukuxhumana namaphoyinti okugcina kwenza umnyakazo/ungeze/ushintshe kudle isikhathi futhi kube yingozi...  

 

Umbuzo: Yimaphi amathiphu ongayinikeza abasanda kungena embonini?

A: Gxila ekufundeni okuqhubekayo. Zuza izitifiketi ezingaphezu kwezinga lokungena ukuze ukhuphule amakhono akho. Zama ukuthola ulwazi kukho kokubili ngaphakathi kwesitshalo nangaphandle kokusatshalaliswa kwemicu yezitshalo...Amakhono okuxhumana aqinile namadokhumenti abaluleke ngokufanayo emsebenzini wobuchwepheshe. Cabangela kokubili isikhungo sedatha nolwazi olukhethekile lwabahlinzeki besevisi ukuze unikeze amathuba emisebenzi engeziwe...

 

Q: Yiziphi izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu okufanele zilandelwe yibo bonke ochwepheshe?

A: Landela izimiso zemboni yazo zonke izinqubo zokufaka nokuhlola. Gcina izinqubo zokuphepha ezifanele. Lebula ngokucophelela futhi ubhale phansi umsebenzi wakho kuzo zonke izinyathelo. Sebenzisa amathuluzi ekhwalithi ephezulu nezinto zokuhlola ezifanele umsebenzi. Gcina imicu yefayibha nezixhumi zihlanzekile ngokucophelela—ngisho nokungcola okuncane kubangela izinkinga ezinkulu. Cabangela kokubili izidingo zamanje kanye nokulinganisa kwesikhathi esizayo lapho uklama amasistimu...

Isiphetho

I-Fiber optic cabling ihlinzeka ngesisekelo esingokoqobo sokudluliswa kwedatha ngesivinini esikhulu esivumela umhlaba wethu oxhumeka ngokwandayo. Intuthuko ku-fiber optical kanye nobuchwepheshe bengxenye ikhulise umkhawulokudonsa kanye nobukhulu ngenkathi kwehlisa izindleko, okuvumela ukuqaliswa okukhulu kuwo wonke ama-telecom ahamba isikhathi eside, isikhungo sedatha kanye namanethiwekhi amadolobha ahlakaniphile.  

  

Le nsiza ihlose ukufundisa abafundi ngezinto ezibalulekile zokuxhunywa kwe-fiber optic kusukela emicabangweni eyisisekelo kuye ezinkambisweni zokufaka namathrendi azayo. Ngokuchaza ukuthi i-optical fibre isebenza kanjani, amazinga nezinhlobo ezitholakalayo, nokulungiselelwa kwekhebula okudumile, labo abasha emkhakheni bangaqonda izinketho zezidingo ezahlukene zokuxhumana. Izingxoxo zokunqanyulwa, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokuklanywa kwendlela zinikeza ukucatshangelwa okusebenzayo kokuqaliswa nokuphathwa.  

 

Imibono yemboni igqamisa ukusetshenziswa okuqhamukayo kwefayibha ye-5G engenantambo, i-IoT nevidiyo kanye namakhono namasu okuthuthukisa umsebenzi wakho. Nakuba amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic edinga ulwazi lobuchwepheshe olubalulekile nokunemba ukuze aklame futhi asetshenziswe, imivuzo yokufinyelela ngokushesha kudatha eyengeziwe emabangeni amade iqinisekisa ukuthi i-fiber izoqhubeka nokukhula ngokubaluleka.

 

Ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuhle kwenethiwekhi ye-fiber kudinga ukukhetha izingxenye ezifanele umkhawulokudonsa wakho nezidingo zebanga, ukuzifaka ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa noma ukulimala kwesignali, ukubhala ingqalasizinda ngokugcwele, nokuhlela kusengaphambili ukukhushulwa kwamandla kanye namazinga amasha okuxhunywa kwamakhebula. Kodwa-ke, kulabo abanesineke nekhono lokwazi kahle ubunkimbinkimbi bayo, umsebenzi ogxile ekuxhumekeni kwe-fiber optic ungahlanganisa ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi, ukwakheka komkhiqizo noma ukuqeqesha ithalente elisha kuzo zonke izimboni ezichumayo. 

  

Kafushane, khetha izixazululo ze-fiber optic cabling ezihambisana nenethiwekhi yakho nezidingo zamakhono. Faka, phatha, futhi ukale izixhumanisi zakho zefayibha ngendlela efanele ukuze uthole izinzuzo ezibalulekile ngokuphazamiseka okuncane. Qhubeka ufunda mayelana nezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuze wakhe inani lamaqhinga. I-Fiber isekela ikusasa lethu, inika amandla ukushintshana kolwazi ngokuphazima kweso phakathi kwabantu abaningi, izindawo nezinto kunangaphambili. Ngokulethwa kwedatha okushesha kakhulu kukho konke ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke, i-fiber ibusa kakhulu manje namashumi eminyaka ezayo.